Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2010 Jan 12;365(1537):19-30. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0215.
Evolutionary dynamics shape the living world around us. At the centre of every evolutionary process is a population of reproducing individuals. The structure of that population affects evolutionary dynamics. The individuals can be molecules, cells, viruses, multicellular organisms or humans. Whenever the fitness of individuals depends on the relative abundance of phenotypes in the population, we are in the realm of evolutionary game theory. Evolutionary game theory is a general approach that can describe the competition of species in an ecosystem, the interaction between hosts and parasites, between viruses and cells, and also the spread of ideas and behaviours in the human population. In this perspective, we review the recent advances in evolutionary game dynamics with a particular emphasis on stochastic approaches in finite sized and structured populations. We give simple, fundamental laws that determine how natural selection chooses between competing strategies. We study the well-mixed population, evolutionary graph theory, games in phenotype space and evolutionary set theory. We apply these results to the evolution of cooperation. The mechanism that leads to the evolution of cooperation in these settings could be called 'spatial selection': cooperators prevail against defectors by clustering in physical or other spaces.
进化动力学塑造了我们周围的生物世界。在每一个进化过程的中心，都有一群繁殖的个体。种群的结构影响着进化动力学。这些个体可以是分子、细胞、病毒、多细胞生物或人类。只要个体的适应性取决于种群中表型的相对丰度，我们就处于进化博弈论的领域。进化博弈论是一种通用的方法，可以描述生态系统中物种的竞争、宿主和寄生虫之间的相互作用、病毒和细胞之间的相互作用，以及人类群体中思想和行为的传播。在这个视角下，我们回顾了进化博弈动力学的最新进展，特别强调了有限大小和结构化种群中的随机方法。我们给出了简单而基本的法则，这些法则决定了自然选择如何在竞争策略之间做出选择。我们研究了均匀混合的种群、进化图论、表型空间中的博弈和进化集合论。我们将这些结果应用于合作的进化。在这些情境下导致合作进化的机制可以被称为“空间选择”：通过在物理或其他空间中聚集，合作者战胜了缺陷者。
