US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011 Mar-Apr;21(2):186-96. doi: 10.1038/jes.2009.66. Epub 2009 Dec 23.
Children's unstructured eating habits and activities may lead to excess dietary exposures not traditionally measured by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Influence of these activities on transfer of pesticides from treated Formica to foods was studied. The objective was to perform simulation experiments using four foods (bread, apple slices, bologna, and sugar cookies) exposed to treated Formica after varied time intervals between surface contamination and contact (1, 6, and 24 h) and frequency of contact with and without recontamination. Pesticides investigated included permethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin. Data will be used as input parameters for transfer efficiencies (TEs) within the Children's Dietary Intake Model (CDIM), which predicts total dietary exposure of a child. Pesticide transfer from surfaces to bologna and apples was more efficient than to bread and cookies. For the bread and cookies, all pyrethroids had a TE that ranged from below detectible levels to ≤ 4%. A combined average of 32-64% and 19-43% was transferred to bologna and apples, respectively, for the three contact times for all pyrethroids. The TEs of the varied time intervals indicated that increased time between contamination and contact showed little difference for bologna, bread, and cookies, but a significant difference for apples. As long as pesticide levels are measureable on surfaces in children's eating environment, it can be concluded that transfer of pesticides to foods will take place. Foods' characteristics had an important function in the transfer of pesticides when multiple contacts occurred. Regardless of recontamination, pesticides were efficiently transferred from the treated surface to bologna. The bologna did not reach a saturation point during the contacts. Pesticides were also efficiently transferred to apples, but reached a maximum TE during the second contact. The distribution of activity factors within CDIM needs to reflect the differences in the characteristics of the foods.
儿童无组织的饮食习惯和活动可能导致美国环境保护署(EPA)传统上未测量的过度饮食暴露。研究了这些活动对从经处理的福米卡表面转移到食物中的农药的影响。目的是使用四种食物（面包、苹果片、博洛尼亚香肠和糖饼干）进行模拟实验，这些食物在表面污染和接触（1、6 和 24 小时）之间的时间间隔以及接触频率（有或没有再污染）变化后暴露于经处理的福米卡。研究的农药包括氯菊酯、联苯菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯。这些数据将作为转移效率（TE）的输入参数用于儿童膳食摄入模型（CDIM），该模型预测儿童的总膳食暴露量。从表面到博洛尼亚和苹果的农药转移比面包和饼干更有效。对于面包和饼干，所有拟除虫菊酯的 TE 均低于检出水平或≤4%。对于三种接触时间，所有拟除虫菊酯在博洛尼亚和苹果上的转移量分别为 32-64%和 19-43%的平均值。不同时间间隔的 TE 表明，污染与接触之间的时间间隔增加对博洛尼亚、面包和饼干的影响不大，但对苹果的影响显著。只要在儿童饮食环境中表面上可以检测到农药水平，就可以得出结论，农药会转移到食物中。当发生多次接触时，食物的特性在农药的转移中起着重要作用。无论是否再污染，农药都从处理过的表面有效地转移到博洛尼亚。在接触过程中，博洛尼亚并未达到饱和点。农药也有效地转移到苹果上，但在第二次接触时达到了最大 TE。CDIM 内的活性因子分布需要反映食物特性的差异。
