Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, HP 966, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Jul;19(7):567-75. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0086-8. Epub 2009 Dec 30.
The aim was to investigate the contribution of familial risk to externalizing behaviors (FR-EXT), perceived parenting styles, and their interactions to the prediction of externalizing behaviors in preadolescents. Participants were preadolescents aged 10-12 years who participated in TRAILS, a large prospective population-based cohort study in the Netherlands (N = 2,230). Regression analyses were used to determine the relative contribution of FR-EXT and perceived parenting styles to parent and teacher ratings of externalizing behaviors. FR-EXT was based on lifetime parental externalizing psychopathology and the different parenting styles (emotional warmth, rejection, and overprotection) were based on the child's perspective. We also investigated whether different dimensions of perceived parenting styles had different effects on subdomains of externalizing behavior. We found main effects for FR-EXT (vs. no FR-EXT), emotional warmth, rejection, and overprotection that were fairly consistent across rater and outcome measures. More specific, emotional warmth was the most consistent predictor of all outcome measures, and rejection was a stronger predictor of aggression and delinquency than of inattention. Interaction effects were found for FR-EXT and perceived parental rejection and overprotection; other interactions between FR-EXT and parenting styles were not significant. Correlations between FR-EXT and perceived parenting styles were absent or very low and were without clinical significance. Predominantly main effects of FR-EXT and perceived parenting styles independently contribute to externalizing behaviors in preadolescents, suggesting FR-EXT and parenting styles to be two separate areas of causality. The relative lack of gene-environment interactions may be due to the epidemiological nature of the study, the preadolescent age of the subjects, the measurement level of parenting and the measurement level of FR-EXT, which might be a consequence of both genetic and environmental factors.
目的是研究家族风险（FR-EXT）、感知到的父母教养方式及其相互作用对青少年前外化行为的预测作用。参与者为 10-12 岁的青少年，他们参加了荷兰一项大型前瞻性基于人群的队列研究（TRAILS，N=2230）。回归分析用于确定 FR-EXT 和感知到的父母教养方式对父母和教师对外化行为的评分的相对贡献。FR-EXT 基于父母终生的外化精神病理学，而不同的父母教养方式（情感温暖、拒绝和过度保护）则基于孩子的视角。我们还研究了感知到的父母教养方式的不同维度是否对外化行为的不同子领域有不同的影响。我们发现 FR-EXT（与无 FR-EXT 相比）、情感温暖、拒绝和过度保护具有相当一致的主效应，且在评分者和结果测量上均如此。更具体地说，情感温暖是所有结果测量的最一致预测因子，拒绝对攻击和违法行为的预测作用强于注意力不集中。发现 FR-EXT 和感知到的父母拒绝和过度保护之间存在交互作用；FR-EXT 和教养方式之间的其他交互作用不显著。FR-EXT 和感知到的父母教养方式之间的相关性缺失或非常低，且无临床意义。FR-EXT 和感知到的父母教养方式的主要效应独立预测青少年的外化行为，这表明 FR-EXT 和教养方式是两个独立的因果领域。基因-环境相互作用的相对缺乏可能是由于研究的流行病学性质、研究对象的青少年年龄、教养方式的测量水平以及 FR-EXT 的测量水平，这可能是遗传和环境因素的共同结果。
