Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;205:77-116. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5623-1_2.
Biomonitoring survey conducted with glaucous gulls from Svalbard have demonstrated that this top-predator-scavenger species accumulates a wide array of chemicals of environmental concern, including organohalogens, trace elements, organometals, and several non-halogenated and non-metallic-compounds. Among these contaminants are those subjected to global bans or restrictions in North America and Europe (e.g., legacy OC's, penta-, and octa-PBDE technical mixtures and mercury). In addition, some currently produced chemicals were found in gulls that lack and global use regulation (e.g., deca-PBDE , HBCD, and other non-PBDE BFR additives, siloxanes, and selected PFASs). Svalbard glaucous gulls are also exposed to contaminant metabolites that, at time, are more bioactive than their precursors (e.g., oxychlordane, p,p'-DDE, OH- and MeSo2-PCBs, and OH-PBDEs) Concentrations of legacy OCs (PCBs, DDTs, CHLs, CBzs, dieldrin, PCDD/Fs, and mirec) in tissues, blood, and eggs of Svalbard glaucous gulls have displayed the highest contamination levels among glaucous gull populations that inhabit Greenland (Cleemann et al. 2000) Jan Mayen (Gabrielsen et al. 1997), Alaska (Vander Pol et al. 2009), and the Canadian Arctic (Braune et a. 2005). To date, measurements obtaines on more novel organohalogens (e.g., OH- and MeSo2-containing metabolites, BFRs and PFASs) in Svalbard glaucous gull samples generally confirm that the spatial and trophodynamic trends of the legacy OC concentrations, whereas no clear trend emerges from surveys of trace elements and organometals. Using the glaucous gull as biosentinel species provides clear evidence that Svalbard and the European Arctic environment is exposed to a complex mixture of legacy and more recently introduced PBT-like substances.
对斯瓦尔巴德冰鸥进行的生物监测调查表明，这种顶级捕食性清道夫物种积累了广泛的环境关注的化学物质，包括有机卤化物、微量元素、有机金属和几种非卤代和非金属化合物。这些污染物包括在北美和欧洲受到全球禁令或限制的物质（例如，旧有机氯、五溴和八溴二苯醚技术混合物和汞）。此外，一些目前生产的化学物质在缺乏和全球使用法规的鸥鸟中被发现（例如，十溴二苯醚、六溴环十二烷和其他非 PBDE BFR 添加剂、硅氧烷和选定的 PFAS）。斯瓦尔巴德冰鸥还接触到污染物代谢物，有时这些代谢物比其前体更具生物活性（例如，氧氯丹、p,p'-DDE、OH 和 MeSo2-PCBs 以及 OH-PBDEs）。斯瓦尔巴德冰鸥组织、血液和卵中的旧有机氯（多氯联苯、滴滴涕、六氯环己烷、氯丹、多氯二苯并对二恶英/呋喃和短链氯化石蜡）浓度在栖息于格陵兰（Cleemann 等人，2000 年）、扬马延（Gabrielsen 等人，1997 年）、阿拉斯加（Vander Pol 等人，2009 年）和加拿大北极（Braune 等人，2005 年）的冰鸥种群中显示出最高的污染水平。迄今为止，在斯瓦尔巴德冰鸥样本中对新型有机卤化物（例如，含 OH 和 MeSo2 的代谢物、BFR 和 PFAS）进行的测量一般证实了旧有机氯浓度的空间和营养动态趋势，而微量元素和有机金属的调查则没有出现明显趋势。使用冰鸥作为生物哨兵物种提供了明确的证据，表明斯瓦尔巴德和欧洲北极环境暴露于复杂的旧有机氯和最近引入的类似持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性的物质混合物中。
