Return-to-play decisions in athletes with cardiac conditions.

Many sets of guidelines written by experts in their fields can assist sports medicine physicians to make return-to-play decisions for athletes with known or suspected cardiac conditions. These guidelines can be divided into pre-participation screening guidelines, such as the 2007 American Heart Association (AHA) 12-element screening examination, and specific recommendations for those with heart disease or symptoms. Several important documents fall into the latter category. Among these are the 36th Bethesda Guidelines, the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines, the AHA Consensus Document for Young People with Genetic Conditions, the Heart Rhythm Society Guidelines, and the Guidelines for Masters Athletes. Guidelines are designed to enhance the sports medicine physician's probability of detecting heart disease and making wise participation and return-to-play decisions in athletes with high-risk cardiac conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anomalous coronary artery, myocarditis, and valvular heart disease. Guidelines also aid in writing exercise prescriptions for those deemed too high risk for sports participation. Because the guidelines may not be entirely consistent on all topics, or based on opinion rather than research evidence, many cases require additional input from a cardiologist or electrophysiologist. Guidelines address not only specific disease entities, but also how corrective surgery, ablations, implantable defibrillators, or drug therapy can influence return-to-play decisions. They are updated as new studies become available to provide physicians with the most up-to-date information.