Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2009 Jul-Aug;1(4):434-50. doi: 10.1002/wnan.44.
The diversity of nanomaterials in terms of size, shape, and surface chemistry poses a challenge to those who are trying to characterize the human health and environmental risks associated with incidental and unintentional exposures. There are numerous products that are already commercially available that contain solid metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, either embedded in a matrix or in solution. Exposure assessments for these products are often incomplete or difficult due to technological challenges associated with detection and quantitation of nanoparticles in gaseous or liquid carriers. The main focus of recent research has been on hazard identification. However, risk is a product of hazard and exposure, and one significant knowledge gap is that of the target organ dose following in vivo exposures. In order to reach target organs, nanoparticles must first breach the protective barriers of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or skin. The fate of those nanoparticles that reach physiological barriers is in large part determined by the properties of the particles and the barriers themselves. This article reviews the physiological properties of the lung, gut, and skin epithelia, the physicochemical properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles that are likely to affect their ability to breach epithelial barriers, and what is known about their fate following in vivo exposures.
纳米材料在尺寸、形状和表面化学方面的多样性给那些试图描述与偶然和非故意暴露相关的人类健康和环境风险的人带来了挑战。已经有许多商业上可获得的产品含有固体金属和金属氧化物纳米粒子，要么嵌入基质中，要么溶解在溶液中。由于与气态或液态载体中的纳米粒子的检测和定量相关的技术挑战，这些产品的暴露评估往往不完整或困难。最近研究的主要重点是危害识别。然而，风险是危害和暴露的产物，一个重要的知识差距是体内暴露后靶器官剂量。为了到达靶器官，纳米颗粒必须首先突破呼吸道、胃肠道或皮肤的保护屏障。到达生理屏障的纳米颗粒的命运在很大程度上取决于颗粒和屏障本身的特性。本文综述了肺、肠道和皮肤上皮的生理特性，以及可能影响其穿透上皮屏障能力的金属和金属氧化物纳米颗粒的物理化学特性，以及体内暴露后它们的命运。
