US Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA.
Toxicon. 2010 Jun 1;55(6):1138-46. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.003. Epub 2010 Jan 11.
Between March 7 and April 12, 2008, several bay systems on the east (Gulf of Mexico) coast of Texas, USA were closed to the harvesting of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) due to the presence of the DSP (Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning) toxin okadaic acid in excess of the 20 microg/100 g tissue FDA regulatory guidance level. This was the first shellfish harvesting closure due to the confirmed presence of DSP toxins in US history. Light microscopic cell counts were performed on water samples collected from numerous sampling sites along the Texas Gulf coast where shellfish harvesting occurs. Ultra performance liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, selected reaction monitoring, mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI/SRM/MS) was used to detect DSP toxins in oysters. The closures were associated with an extensive bloom of the dinoflagellate Dinophysis cf. ovum. Only okadaic acid (OA) and OA acyl esters were found in shellfish tissues (max. OA eq. levels 47 microg/100 g tissue). OA was also confirmed in a bloom water sample. No illnesses were reported associated with this event. DSP toxins now add to a growing list of phycotoxins, which include those responsible for PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning), NSP (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning), and ASP (amnesic shellfish poisoning) which must now be monitored for in US coastal waters where shellfish are harvested.
2008 年 3 月 7 日至 4 月 12 日，由于美国德克萨斯州墨西哥湾东部（海湾）几处海湾系统中存在超过美国食品和药物管理局规定的 20 微克/100 克组织 20 微克/100 克组织的腹泻性贝类毒素（DSP） okadaic 酸，这些地区的牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica）被禁止捕捞。这是美国历史上首次因 DSP 毒素的存在而关闭贝类捕捞。在德克萨斯州墨西哥湾沿岸的许多贝类捕捞区采集水样，对水样进行了光镜细胞计数。采用超高效液相色谱、电喷雾电离、选择反应监测、质谱（UPLC/ESI/SRM/MS）检测贝类中的 DSP 毒素。这些关闭事件与 Dinophysis cf. ovum 的广泛爆发有关。贝类组织中仅发现 okadaic 酸（OA）和 OA 酰基酯（OA 酰基酯）（最高 OA 当量水平为 47 微克/100 克组织）。在水华水样中也确认了 OA。没有报告与该事件相关的疾病。DSP 毒素现在加入了越来越多的藻毒素名单，其中包括那些导致 PSP（麻痹性贝类中毒）、NSP（神经毒性贝类中毒）和 ASP（健忘性贝类中毒）的毒素，这些毒素现在必须在美国沿海贝类捕捞水域进行监测。
