Ubiquitin and SUMO signalling in DNA repair.

The repair of lesions and gaps in DNA follows different pathways, each mediated by specific proteins and complexes. Post-translational modifications in many of these proteins govern their activities and interactions, ultimately determining whether a particular pathway is followed. Prominent among these modifications are the addition of phosphate or ubiquitin (and ubiquitin-like) moieties that confer new binding surfaces and conformational states on the modified proteins. The present review summarizes some of consequences of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifications and interactions that regulate nucleotide excision repair, translesion synthesis, double-strand break repair and interstrand cross-link repair, with the discussion of relevant examples in each pathway.