Department of Biology, Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1.
Prog Neurobiol. 2010 Apr;90(4):471-97. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.001. Epub 2010 Jan 29.
This review annotates and categorises the glia of adult Drosophila and other model insects and analyses the developmental origins of these in the Drosophila optic lobe. The functions of glia in the adult vary depending upon their sub-type and location in the brain. The task of annotating glia is essentially complete only for the glia of the fly's lamina, which comprise: two types of surface glia-the pseudocartridge and fenestrated glia; two types of cortex glia-the distal and proximal satellite glia; and two types of neuropile glia-the epithelial and marginal glia. We advocate that the term subretinal glia, as used to refer to both pseudocartridge and fenestrated glia, be abandoned. Other neuropiles contain similar glial subtypes, but other than the antennal lobes these have not been described in detail. Surface glia form the blood brain barrier, regulating the flow of substances into and out of the nervous system, both for the brain as a whole and the optic neuropiles in particular. Cortex glia provide a second level of barrier, wrapping axon fascicles and isolating neuronal cell bodies both from neighbouring brain regions and from their underlying neuropiles. Neuropile glia can be generated in the adult and a subtype, ensheathing glia, are responsible for cleaning up cellular debris during Wallerian degeneration. Both the neuropile ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia may be involved in clearing neurotransmitters from the extracellular space, thus modifying the levels of histamine, glutamate and possibly dopamine at the synapse to ultimately affect behaviour.
这篇综述对成年果蝇和其他模式昆虫的神经胶质细胞进行了注释和分类，并分析了它们在果蝇眼脑发育中的来源。成年果蝇神经胶质细胞的功能因亚类和在大脑中的位置而异。神经胶质细胞的注释任务基本上只完成了果蝇神经纤维层的胶质细胞，包括：两种类型的表面胶质细胞——假板层和有孔胶质细胞；两种类型的皮质胶质细胞——远端和近端卫星胶质细胞；以及两种类型的神经丛胶质细胞——上皮和边缘胶质细胞。我们主张放弃使用“视网膜下胶质细胞”这一术语，该术语用于指代假板层和有孔胶质细胞。其他神经丛包含类似的神经胶质亚型，但除了触角叶以外，这些亚型尚未详细描述。表面胶质细胞形成血脑屏障，调节物质进出神经系统的流动，这不仅对整个大脑，而且对特定的视神经丛都很重要。皮质胶质细胞提供了第二层屏障，包裹轴突束，并将神经元细胞体与相邻的脑区以及它们下面的神经丛隔离开来。神经丛胶质细胞可以在成年期产生，其中一种亚型——包绕胶质细胞，负责在 Wallerian 变性过程中清除细胞碎片。神经丛包绕胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞样胶质细胞可能都参与了从细胞外空间清除神经递质，从而影响突触处组胺、谷氨酸和可能多巴胺的水平，最终影响行为。
