Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, building 113, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
J Environ Manage. 2010 May;91(5):1169-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.01.011. Epub 2010 Feb 1.
Remediation methods for contaminated sites cover a wide range of technical solutions with different remedial efficiencies and costs. Additionally, they may vary in their secondary impacts on the environment i.e. the potential impacts generated due to emissions and resource use caused by the remediation activities. More attention is increasingly being given to these secondary environmental impacts when evaluating remediation options. This paper presents a methodology for an integrated economic decision analysis which combines assessments of remediation costs, health risk costs and potential environmental costs. The health risks costs are associated with the residual contamination left at the site and its migration to groundwater used for drinking water. A probabilistic exposure model using first- and second-order reliability methods (FORM/SORM) is used to estimate the contaminant concentrations at a downstream groundwater well. Potential environmental impacts on the local, regional and global scales due to the site remediation activities are evaluated using life cycle assessments (LCA). The potential impacts on health and environment are converted to monetary units using a simplified cost model. A case study based upon the developed methodology is presented in which the following remediation scenarios are analyzed and compared: (a) no action, (b) excavation and off-site treatment of soil, (c) soil vapor extraction and (d) thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction by electrical heating of the soil. Ultimately, the developed methodology facilitates societal cost estimations of remediation scenarios which can be used for internal ranking of the analyzed options. Despite the inherent uncertainties of placing a value on health and environmental impacts, the presented methodology is believed to be valuable in supporting decisions on remedial interventions.
污染场地的修复方法涵盖了广泛的技术解决方案，这些方案具有不同的修复效率和成本。此外，它们在对环境的二次影响方面也可能有所不同，即由于修复活动引起的排放和资源利用而产生的潜在影响。在评估修复方案时，越来越多的人开始关注这些二次环境影响。本文提出了一种综合经济决策分析方法，该方法结合了修复成本、健康风险成本和潜在环境成本的评估。健康风险成本与场地残留污染及其向用于饮用水的地下水迁移有关。使用一阶和二阶可靠性方法 (FORM/SORM) 的概率暴露模型用于估计下游地下水井中的污染物浓度。使用生命周期评估 (LCA) 评估场地修复活动对当地、区域和全球范围内的潜在环境影响。使用简化成本模型将对健康和环境的潜在影响转换为货币单位。基于所开发的方法提出了一个案例研究，分析和比较了以下修复方案：(a) 不采取行动，(b) 挖掘和场外处理土壤，(c) 土壤蒸气提取，(d) 通过对土壤进行电加热来增强土壤蒸气提取。最终，所开发的方法有助于对修复方案进行社会成本估算，以便对分析选项进行内部排序。尽管对健康和环境影响进行价值评估存在固有不确定性，但人们相信，所提出的方法在支持修复干预决策方面具有价值。
