Qpid Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.
Rev Med Virol. 2010 May;20(3):156-76. doi: 10.1002/rmv.644.
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause at least 70% of virus-related wheezing exacerbations and cold and flu-like illnesses. They are associated with otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. Annually, the economic impact of HRV infections costs billions in healthcare and lost productivity. Since 1987, 100 officially recognised HRV serotypes reside in two genetically distinct species; HRV A and HRV B, within the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Sequencing of their approximately 7kb genomes was finalised in 2009. Since 1999, many globally circulating, molecularly-defined 'strains', perhaps equivalent to novel serotypes, have been discovered but remain uncharacterised. Many of these currently unculturable strains have been assigned to a proposed new species, HRV C although confusion exists over the membership of the species. There has not been sufficient sampling to ensure the identification of all strains and no consensus criteria exist to define whether clinical HRV detections are best described as a distinct strain or a closely related variant of a previously identified strain (or serotype). We cannot yet robustly identify patterns in the circulation of newly identified HRVs (niHRVs) or the full range of associated illnesses and more data are required. Many questions arise from this new found diversity: what drives the development of so many distinct viruses compared to other species of RNA viruses? What role does recombination play in generating this diversity? Are there species- or strain-specific circulation patterns and clinical outcomes? Are divergent strains sensitive to existing capsid-binding antivirals? This update reviews the findings that trigger these and other questions arising during the current cycle of intense rhinovirus discovery.
人类鼻病毒（HRV）感染导致至少 70%的病毒相关喘息加重和感冒流感样疾病。它们与中耳炎、鼻窦炎和肺炎有关。每年，HRV 感染造成的经济影响在医疗保健和生产力损失方面高达数十亿美元。自 1987 年以来，100 种已被正式认可的 HRV 血清型存在于两种遗传上截然不同的物种中；HRV A 和 HRV B，属于肠道病毒属，小核糖核酸病毒科。它们大约 7kb 基因组的测序于 2009 年完成。自 1999 年以来，许多在全球流行的、分子定义的“菌株”，也许相当于新型血清型，已经被发现但尚未被描述。许多目前无法培养的菌株被分配到一个新提议的物种 HRV C 中，尽管关于该物种的归属存在混淆。没有足够的采样来确保所有菌株的识别，也没有共识标准来定义临床 HRV 检测是最好描述为一个独特的菌株还是一个先前确定的菌株（或血清型）的密切相关变体。我们还不能可靠地识别新鉴定的 HRV（niHRV）的循环模式或相关疾病的全部范围，还需要更多的数据。从这种新发现的多样性中产生了许多问题：与其他 RNA 病毒相比，是什么驱动了如此多独特病毒的发展？重组在产生这种多样性方面起什么作用？是否存在种或菌株特异性的循环模式和临床结果？分歧的菌株对现有的衣壳结合抗病毒药物敏感吗？本综述回顾了在当前鼻病毒密集发现周期中引发这些问题和其他问题的发现。
