Trigeminal-basal ganglia interaction: control of sensory-motor gating and positive reinforcement.

Functional interactions between the basal ganglia and the perioral area were analyzed by means of electrical brain stimulation in the rat. The first experiment showed that unilateral stimulation of the substantia nigra sensitized the contralateral perioral area for a biting reflex upon its tactile stimulation. This biting reflex consists of lip withdrawal, orienting towards and biting into the stimulus source. The same sites in the substantia nigra also produced electrical self-stimulation using bar-pressing as the operant. A positive correlation was found between threshold currents for biting and for self-stimulation. However, the current levels necessary for reinforcement were considerably higher than those to facilitate the biting reflex. In the second experiment, it was found that manipulation of the perioral area by unilateral vibrissae removal reduced the rate of electrical self-stimulation in the substantia nigra. This effect was lateralized, depended on time after vibrissae removal, and could be reversed by systemic injections of the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. These results, which provide evidence for a reciprocal interaction between the basal ganglia and the perioral area, are discussed with respect to mechanisms of sensory-motor gating, motivation and reinforcement.