Department of Marine Ecology, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, Sweden.
Ecotoxicology. 2010 Mar;19(3):449-62. doi: 10.1007/s10646-010-0463-6. Epub 2010 Feb 5.
As a consequence of increasing atmospheric CO(2), the world's oceans are warming and slowly becoming more acidic (ocean acidification, OA) and profound changes in marine ecosystems are certain. Calcification is one of the primary targets for studies of the impact of CO(2)-driven climate change in the oceans and one of the key marine groups most likely to be impacted by predicted climate change events are the echinoderms. Echinoderms are a vital component of the marine environment with representatives in virtually every ecosystem, where they are often keystone ecosystem engineers. This paper reviews and analyses what is known about the impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms. A global analysis of the literature reveals that echinoderms are surprisingly robust to OA and that important differences in sensitivity to OA are observed between populations and species. However, this is modulated by parameters such as (1) exposure time with rare longer term experiments revealing negative impacts that are hidden in short or midterm ones; (2) bottlenecks in physiological processes and life-cycle such as stage-specific developmental phenomena that may drive the whole species responses; (3) ecological feedback transforming small scale sub lethal effects into important negative effects on fitness. We hypothesize that populations/species naturally exposed to variable environmental pH conditions may be pre-adapted to future OA highlighting the importance to understand and monitor environmental variations in order to be able to to predict sensitivity to future climate changes. More stress ecology research is needed at the frontier between ecotoxicology and ecology, going beyond standardized tests using model species in order to address multiple water quality factors (e.g. pH, temperature, toxicants) and organism health. However, available data allow us to conclude that near-future OA will have negative impact on echinoderm taxa with likely significant consequences at the ecosystem level.
由于大气中二氧化碳(CO2)的增加，世界海洋正在变暖，慢慢变得更加酸化(海洋酸化，OA)，海洋生态系统的深刻变化是确定的。钙化是研究海洋 CO2驱动的气候变化影响的主要目标之一，预计气候变化事件最有可能影响的关键海洋群体之一是棘皮动物。棘皮动物是海洋环境的重要组成部分，几乎存在于每一个生态系统中，它们通常是关键的生态系统工程师。本文综述和分析了近未来海洋酸化对棘皮动物的影响。对文献的全球分析表明，棘皮动物对 OA 具有惊人的弹性，而且在种群和物种之间观察到对 OA 的敏感性存在重要差异。然而，这受到许多参数的调节，例如(1)暴露时间，罕见的长期实验揭示了隐藏在短期或中期实验中的负面影响；(2)生理过程和生命周期中的瓶颈，如特定阶段的发育现象，可能会驱动整个物种的反应；(3)生态反馈将小尺度亚致死效应转化为对适应性的重要负面影响。我们假设，自然暴露于可变环境 pH 值条件下的种群/物种可能已经对未来的 OA 有了预先适应，这突出了理解和监测环境变化的重要性，以便能够预测对未来气候变化的敏感性。需要在生态毒理学和生态学的前沿进行更多的应激生态学研究，超越使用模式物种的标准化测试，以解决多个水质因素(如 pH 值、温度、毒物)和生物体健康问题。然而，现有数据使我们能够得出结论，近未来的 OA 将对棘皮动物类群产生负面影响，可能对生态系统层面产生重大影响。
