Department of Economics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Conserv Biol. 2010 Apr;24(2):404-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01444.x. Epub 2010 Feb 4.
Tradable permits have been applied in many areas of environmental policy and may be a response to increasing calls for flexible conservation instruments that successfully conserve biodiversity while allowing for economic development. The idea behind applying tradable permits to conservation is that developers wishing to turn land to economic purposes, thereby destroying valuable habitat, may only do so if they submit a permit to the conservation agency showing that habitat of at least the equivalent ecological value is restored elsewhere. The developer himself does not need to carry out the restoration, but may buy a permit from a third party, thus allowing a market to emerge. Nevertheless, the application of tradable permits to biodiversity conservation is a complex issue because destroyed and restored habitats are likely to differ. There may be various trade-offs between the ecological requirements that destroyed and restored habitats be as similar as possible, and the need for a certain level of market activity to have a functioning trading system. The success of tradable permits as an instrument for reconciling the conflicts between economic development and conservation depends on the existence of certain economic, institutional, and ecological preconditions, for example, a functioning institutional framework, sufficient expert knowledge, and adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanisms.
可交易许可证已在许多环境政策领域得到应用，这可能是对灵活的保护工具的回应，这些工具在实现生物多样性保护的同时，允许经济发展。将可交易许可证应用于保护的背后的想法是，希望将土地用于经济目的的开发商，从而破坏了有价值的栖息地，只有在他们向保护机构提交许可证，表明至少有同等生态价值的栖息地在其他地方得到恢复的情况下，才可以这样做。开发商自己不需要进行恢复，而是可以从第三方购买许可证，从而允许市场出现。然而，将可交易许可证应用于生物多样性保护是一个复杂的问题，因为被破坏和恢复的栖息地可能存在差异。在被破坏和恢复的栖息地尽可能相似的生态要求，以及为了使交易系统正常运行而需要一定程度的市场活动之间，可能存在各种权衡。可交易许可证作为协调经济发展与保护之间冲突的工具的成功与否，取决于某些经济、制度和生态前提条件的存在，例如，一个运作良好的制度框架、足够的专业知识，以及充分的监测和执行机制。
