Mol Genet Genomics. 2010 Mar;283(3):199-209. doi: 10.1007/s00438-010-0521-z. Epub 2010 Feb 6.
In 1909 two papers by Correns and by Baur published in volume 1 of Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre (now Molecular Genetics and Genomics) reported on the non-Mendelian inheritance of chlorophyll deficiencies. These papers, reporting the very first cases of extranuclear inheritance, laid the foundation for a new field: non-Mendelian or extranuclear genetics. Correns observed a purely maternal inheritance (in Mirabilis), whereas Baur found a biparental inheritance (in Pelargonium). Correns suspected the non-Mendelian factors in the cytoplasm, while Baur believed that the plastids carry these extranuclear factors. In the following years, Baur's hypothesis was proved to be correct. Baur subsequently developed the theory of plastid inheritance. In many genera the plastids are transmitted only uniparentally by the mother, while in a few genera there is a biparental plastid inheritance. Commonly there is random sorting of plastids during ontogenetic development. Renner and Schwemmle as well as geneticists in other countries added additional details to this theory. Pioneering studies on mitochondrial inheritance in yeast started in 1949 in the group of Ephrussi and Slonimski; respiration-deficient cells (petites in yeast, poky in Neurospora) were demonstrated to be due to mitochondrial mutations. Electron microscopical and biochemical studies (1962-1964) showed that plastids and mitochondria contain organelle-specific DNA molecules. These findings laid the molecular basis for the two branches of extranuclear inheritance: plastid and mitochondrial genetics.
1909 年，Correns 和 Baur 的两篇论文分别发表在《诱导性遗传与进化理论杂志》（现为《分子遗传学与基因组学》）的第一卷上，报道了叶绿素缺失的非孟德尔遗传。这两篇论文报告了首例核外遗传，为一个新领域奠定了基础：非孟德尔或核外遗传学。Correns 观察到纯粹的母系遗传（在Mirabilis 中），而 Baur 发现了双亲遗传（在Pelargonium 中）。Correns 怀疑细胞质中的非孟德尔因子，而 Baur 则认为质体携带这些核外因子。在随后的几年里，Baur 的假设被证明是正确的。Baur 随后发展了质体遗传理论。在许多属中，质体仅通过母本单向传递，而在少数属中存在双亲质体遗传。通常，在个体发育过程中质体随机分配。Renner 和 Schwemmle 以及其他国家的遗传学家对该理论进行了补充。1949 年，Ephrussi 和 Slonimski 小组在酵母中线粒体遗传的开创性研究开始；证明呼吸缺陷细胞（酵母中的 petite，Neurospora 中的 poky）是由于线粒体突变。电子显微镜和生化研究（1962-1964 年）表明，质体和线粒体含有细胞器特异性 DNA 分子。这些发现为核外遗传的两个分支奠定了分子基础：质体和线粒体遗传学。
