Department of Agri-environment and Ecology, Agricultural University of Tirana, Koder Kamez, Tirana, Albania
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Jan;172(1-4):517-27. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1351-5. Epub 2010 Feb 11.
This study was aimed to establish background and reference values of total heavy metals in soils from a representative area of Albania (Tirana). Thirty-eight soil samples collected from genetic horizons of major soil types of Tirana were analyzed for important physicochemical properties by standard methods and for total contents of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cu by atomic absorption spectrometer, after extraction with aqua regia. The results showed that the total contents of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cu in surface horizons varied widely with respective mean values of 0.3 (± 0.6), 174.2 (± 63.7), 305.9 (± 133.0), 19.7 (± 12.4), 95.5 (± 26.3), and 42.7 (± 6.8) mg/kg. The highest metal contents were found in two soils developed in limestone. The depth distribution of metals showed a tendency for accumulation of Cd and Pb in the surface horizons of three soils, suggesting that these metals partially come from anthropogenic inputs. Correlation analysis indicated that the metal contents of soils were controlled by soil properties, including pH, CaCO₃, clay, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and Fe oxides. The background values (given as the 90th percentile) were much higher than those reported in the literature, showing that the levels of respective metals were naturally higher. The total metal contents of some soils were above background levels, suggesting metal pollution. The reference values for all the analyzed metals were quite consistent with those of the Dutch system. The proposed background and reference values can be used to evaluate the soil pollution with these elements.
本研究旨在建立阿尔巴尼亚代表性地区（地拉那）土壤中重金属总量的背景值和参考值。从地拉那主要土壤类型的发生层中采集了 38 个土壤样本，采用标准方法分析了重要的理化性质，并采用原子吸收光谱仪测定了土壤中 Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的总量，用王水提取。结果表明，表土层中 Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的含量差异较大，平均值分别为 0.3（±0.6）、174.2（±63.7）、305.9（±133.0）、19.7（±12.4）、95.5（±26.3）和 42.7（±6.8）mg/kg。金属含量最高的两种土壤发育在石灰岩中。金属的深度分布表明，在三种土壤的表土层中，Cd 和 Pb 有积累的趋势，表明这些金属部分来自人为输入。相关分析表明，土壤的金属含量受土壤性质的控制，包括 pH、CaCO₃、粘土、有机质、阳离子交换量和 Fe 氧化物。背景值（第 90 个百分位数）远高于文献报道值，表明相应金属的水平自然较高。一些土壤的总金属含量高于背景水平，表明存在金属污染。所有分析金属的参考值与荷兰体系非常一致。提出的背景值和参考值可用于评估这些元素的土壤污染。
