Herbert Kirst Consultant, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2010 Mar;63(3):101-11. doi: 10.1038/ja.2010.5. Epub 2010 Feb 12.
The spinosyns are a large family of unprecedented compounds produced from fermentation of two species of Saccharopolyspora. Their core structure is a polyketide-derived tetracyclic macrolide appended with two saccharides. They show potent insecticidal activities against many commercially significant species that cause extensive damage to crops and other plants. They also show activity against important external parasites of livestock, companion animals and humans. Spinosad is a defined combination of the two principal fermentation factors, spinosyns A and D. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been extensively studied, leading to development of a semisynthetic second-generation derivative, spinetoram. The spinosyns have a unique mechanism of action (MOA) involving disruption of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. When compared with many other insecticides, the spinosyns generally show greater selectivity toward target insects and lesser activity against many beneficial predators as well as mammals and other aquatic and avian animals. Their insecticidal spectrum, unique MOA and lower environmental effect make them useful new agents for modern integrated pest management programs. As a result, this work has received U S Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards.
多杀菌素是一类由两种链霉菌发酵产生的具有新颖结构的化合物，其核心结构是一个聚酮衍生的四环大环内酯，连接有两个单糖。多杀菌素对许多具有重要商业意义的害虫具有很强的杀虫活性，这些害虫会对农作物和其他植物造成广泛的损害。多杀菌素还对牲畜、伴侣动物和人类的重要外寄生虫具有活性。多杀菌素是两种主要发酵产物（多杀菌素 A 和 D）的定义组合。结构-活性关系（SAR）已得到广泛研究，导致半合成第二代衍生物——spinetoram 的开发。多杀菌素具有独特的作用机制（MOA），涉及破坏烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体。与许多其他杀虫剂相比，多杀菌素通常对靶标昆虫具有更高的选择性，对许多有益的捕食者以及哺乳动物和其他水生和禽类动物的活性较低。它们的杀虫谱、独特的 MOA 和较低的环境影响使它们成为现代综合虫害管理计划的有用新药剂。因此，这项工作获得了美国总统绿色化学挑战奖。
