Fertil Steril. 2010 Apr;93(6):1731-4. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.12.054. Epub 2010 Feb 12.
A surrogate end point (e.g., a laboratory test or image) serves as a proxy for a clinical end point of importance (e.g., fracture, thrombosis, or death). Adoption and use of surrogate end points lacking validation, especially in cardiovascular medicine, have caused thousands of patients' deaths, a serious violation of the ethical principle of beneficence.
替代终点（例如实验室检查或影像学）可作为重要临床终点（如骨折、血栓或死亡）的替代指标。替代终点缺乏验证，特别是在心血管医学领域，已导致数千名患者死亡，严重违反了有利原则这一伦理原则。
