Phosphorus-31 two-dimensional solid-state exchange NMR. Application to model membrane and biological systems.

Two-dimensional solid-state 31P NMR has been used to investigate the orientational exchange of phospholipids in gel and liquid-crystalline aqueous multilamellar dispersions and oriented multibilayers, and in biological membranes. In liquid-crystalline L alpha multilamellar dispersions, orientational exchange originates from the lateral diffusion of phospholipid molecules over the curved surface of the liposomes and is manifest by an increase in off-diagonal intensity, which correlates the 90 and 0 degrees orientations of the membrane normal with respect to the magnetic field when the system is fully exchanged. Spectral simulations of the time evolution of exchange allowed determination of the correlation times tau d for lateral diffusion. For DMPC and DPPC at comparable reduced temperatures, tau d values of 44 and 8 ms were obtained, respectively. The nature and rate of exchange observed for POPE at 30 degrees C is similar to that of DMPC at the same temperature. The measured correlation times are consistent with diffusion rates obtained by FRAP for liposomes with radii in the 1 micron range. In the gel phase of DPPC (30 degrees C), little orientational exchange is observed at mixing times up to 200 ms, demonstrating that the lateral diffusion is very slow. The correlation time for orientational exchange obtained from spectral simulations was approximately 900 ms; thus, exchange in the gel state is at least two orders of magnitude slower than in the liquid-crystalline state. In the P beta (ripple) phase, at temperatures between 34 and 39 degrees C, significant exchange is observed for mixing times between 50 and 200 ms. Exchange is also observed in oriented samples of DPPC in the P beta phase for mixing times of 50 ms, but not for oriented liquid-crystalline samples for mixing times up to 100 ms. The exchange observed in the ripple phase could originate from rapid lateral diffusion of "fast" diffusing phospholipid within defect structures, and/or from "slow" lateral diffusion of ordered phospholipid over the ripples. 2D experiments were also performed on pig erythrocyte ghosts and on intact pig spinal cord. Significant orientational exchange was observed with the erythrocyte ghosts at a mixing time of 200 ms, but almost no exchange was observed with the spinal cord at the same mixing time. Spectral simulations suggest tau d values of approximately 400 ms and 1.3 s for the erythrocyte ghosts and spinal cord at 30 degrees C. The results demonstrate that exchange in the biological membranes is significantly slower than in the model membrane systems, which suggests that the cell surfaces are relatively "smooth," i.e., any local surface perturbations are either present in small number or have little effect on the mean orientation of the phospholipids with respect to the membrane normal.