Positive frequency shifts observed upon adsorbing micron-sized solid objects to a quartz crystal microbalance from the liquid phase.

By specifically binding derivatized colloidal particles and physisorbing nonderivatized particles to the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), we have observed positive shifts of frequency, Deltaf, in contrast to the negative frequency shifts typically found in adsorption experiments. Evidently, the Sauerbrey relation does not apply to this situation. A comparison of frequencies shifts and bandwidths on different overtones reveals a coupled resonance: at low overtones, Deltaf is negative, whereas it is positive at high overtones, with maximal resonance bandwidth observed at the crossover point. As predicted by the Dybwad model, the spheres bound to the surface form resonating systems on their own. A composite resonator is formed, consisting of a large crystal with resonance frequency omega and the adsorbed spheres with resonance frequency omega(S). In the case in which the resonance frequency of the small spheres (firmly attached to crystal), omega(S), is higher than the resonance frequency of the crystal, omega, Deltaf of the composite system is negative (leading to the Sauerbrey limit). In the opposite limit (that is, in the case of large adsorbed particles bound to the sensor surface via a sufficiently weak bridge) Deltaf is positive. Such a behavior is known from sphere-plate contacts in the dry state. Finite element calculation demonstrates that this phenomena is also plausible in liquid phase media, with Deltaf critically dependent on the strength of the sphere-plate contact. Operated in this mode, the QCM most likely probes the contact strength, rather than the mass of the particle.