Ormel J, Schaufeli W B
Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991 Feb;60(2):288-99. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.60.2.288.
The proposed model assumes (a) that each person has a stable and characteristic symptom level, (b) that external events act to deflect symptom levels from this stable level, and (c) that adaptive mechanisms tend to normalize these deviations. The model is used to examine (a) the dynamics of psychological distress (PD), (b) the role of personality traits (i.e., self-esteem and locus of control), and (c) the contamination of these traits by the current level of PD. The analyses show that the structural model adequately fits data of 2 longitudinal community studies. Two thirds of the variance in distress could be attributed to differences in stable symptom levels, leaving 1/3 for environmental change agents. Both personality traits were substantially contaminated by PD levels. Finally, high symptom levels were strongly related to low self-esteem and external control. The applications of the model and the origins of stability and change in PD are discussed.
（a）每个人都有一个稳定且独特的症状水平；（b）外部事件会使症状水平偏离这个稳定水平；（c）适应机制倾向于使这些偏差正常化。该模型用于检验：（a）心理困扰（PD）的动态变化；（b）人格特质（即自尊和控制点）的作用；（c）这些特质受当前PD水平的影响程度。分析表明，结构模型能够很好地拟合两项纵向社区研究的数据。三分之二的困扰差异可归因于稳定症状水平的差异，另外三分之一归因于环境变化因素。两种人格特质都受到PD水平的显著影响。最后，高症状水平与低自尊和外部控制密切相关。文中还讨论了该模型的应用以及PD稳定性和变化的根源。
