Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2010 Apr;20(2):199-204. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.007. Epub 2010 Feb 16.
Learning in a constant environment, and adapting flexibly to a changing one, through changes in reinforcement contingencies or valence-free cues, depends on overlapping circuitry that interconnects the prefrontal cortex (PFC) with the striatum and is subject to several forms of neurochemical modulation. We present evidence from recent studies in animals employing electrophysiological, pharmacological and lesion techniques, and neuroimaging, neuropsychological and pharmacological investigations of healthy humans and clinical patients. Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the medial striatum and PFC is critical for basic reinforcement learning and the integration of negative feedback during reversal learning, whilst orbitofrontal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) likely mediates this type of low level flexibility, perhaps by reducing interference from salient stimuli. The role of prefrontal noradrenaline (NA) in higher order flexibility indexed through attentional set-shifting has recently received significant empirical support, and similar avenues appear promising in the field of task switching.
在恒定的环境中学习，并通过改变强化条件或无价值线索来灵活适应不断变化的环境，这取决于连接前额叶皮层（PFC）与纹状体的重叠回路，并且受多种形式的神经化学调制的影响。我们从最近在动物中进行的电生理学、药理学和损伤技术研究，以及对健康人类和临床患者的神经影像学、神经心理学和药理学研究中，提供了证据。中脑纹状体和 PFC 中的多巴胺（DA）神经传递对于基本的强化学习和反转学习过程中负面反馈的整合至关重要，而眶额 5-羟色胺（5-HT）可能通过减少对显著刺激的干扰来介导这种低水平的灵活性。前额叶去甲肾上腺素（NA）在通过注意力设置转换索引的高级灵活性中的作用最近得到了重要的实证支持，类似的途径在任务切换领域也很有前景。
