Update on primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Early studies in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were concerned with disease characterization, and were followed by epidemiological studies of PSC and clinical subsets of PSC as well as a large number of treatment trials. Recently, the molecular pathogenesis and the practical handling of the patients have received increasing attention. In the present review we aim to give an update on the pathogenesis of PSC and cholangiocarcinoma in PSC, as well as to discuss the current opinion on diagnosis and treatment of PSC in light of the recent European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidelines.