Hallman Jason J, Brasel Karen J, Yoganandan Narayan, Pintar Frank A
Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
Ann Adv Automot Med. 2009 Oct;53:13-24.
Injury mechanisms from frontal airbags, first identified in anecdotal reports, are now well documented for pediatric, small female, and out-of-position occupants. In contrast, torso side airbags have not yet been consistently associated with specific injury risks in field assessments. To determine possible torso side airbag-related injuries, the present study identified crashes involving side airbags from reports within the CIREN, NASS, and SCI databases. Injury patterns were compared to patterns from lateral crashes in absence of side airbag. Splenic trauma (AIS 3+) was found present in five cases of torso side airbag deployment at lower impact severity (as measured by velocity change and compartment intrusion) than cases of splenic trauma without side airbag. Five additional cases were found to contain similar injury patterns but occurred with greater crash severity. To supplement case analyses, full scale sled tests were conducted with a THOR-NT dummy and cadaveric specimen. Four THOR tests with door- and seat-mounted torso side airbags confirmed that out-of-position (early inflation stage) airbag contact elevated thoracic injury metrics compared to optimal (fully inflated) contact. Out-of-position seat-mounted airbag deployment also produced AIS 3 splenic trauma in the cadaveric specimen. Due to potentially sudden or delayed onset of intraperitoneal hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock following splenic trauma, further biomechanical investigation of this anecdotal evidence is essential to identify injury mechanisms, prevention techniques, and methods for early diagnosis.
正面安全气囊的损伤机制最初是在轶事报告中发现的，现在已针对儿童、身材矮小的女性和坐姿不当的驾乘人员有了充分的记录。相比之下，在现场评估中，躯干侧面安全气囊尚未始终与特定的损伤风险相关联。为了确定与躯干侧面安全气囊可能相关的损伤，本研究从CIREN、NASS和SCI数据库中的报告中识别出涉及侧面安全气囊的碰撞事故。将损伤模式与没有侧面安全气囊的侧面碰撞模式进行比较。发现在五例躯干侧面安全气囊展开的案例中，脾脏创伤（AIS 3+）出现时的碰撞严重程度（通过速度变化和车厢侵入来衡量）低于没有侧面安全气囊的脾脏创伤案例。另外还发现五例具有类似损伤模式的案例，但发生时的碰撞严重程度更高。为了补充案例分析，使用THOR-NT假人和尸体标本进行了全尺寸雪橇试验。四项安装在车门和座椅上的躯干侧面安全气囊的THOR试验证实，与最佳（完全充气）接触相比，位置不当（早期充气阶段）的安全气囊接触会提高胸部损伤指标。位置不当的座椅安装安全气囊展开也在尸体标本中造成了AIS 3级脾脏创伤。由于脾脏创伤后可能会突然或延迟出现腹腔内出血和低血容量性休克，对这一轶事证据进行进一步的生物力学研究对于确定损伤机制、预防技术和早期诊断方法至关重要。
