Synthesis of diphenylamine-based novel fluorescent styryl colorants by Knoevenagel condensation using a conventional method, biocatalyst, and deep eutectic solvent.

Novel Y-shaped acceptor-pi-donor-pi-acceptor-type compounds, synthesized from 4,4'-hexyliminobisbenzaldehyde as electron donors and different active methylene compounds as electron acceptors, were produced by conventional Knoevenagel condensation alone, with a deep eutectic solvent, or with a lipase biocatalyst to compare the yield and recyclability among the three methods. Yield, reaction time, reaction temperature, and recyclability were compared among the three methods. The photophysical properties and thermal stability of the products were also investigated.