Radiologia, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem (CDPI), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep;36(3):355-61. doi: 10.1002/uog.7619.
To generate physical fetal models using images obtained by three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) to guide additive manufacturing technology.
Images from 33 fetuses, including three sets of twins, were used. Fifteen fetuses were normal and evaluated only by 3DUS. Eighteen cases had abnormalities such as conjoined twins, tumors, aneuploidy, skeletal abnormalities, central nervous system abnormalities and facial or thoracic defects. Scans were performed using high-resolution 3DUS. In cases of abnormalities, MRI and CT were performed on the same day as 3DUS. The images obtained with 3DUS, CT or MRI were exported to a workstation in DICOM format. A single observer performed slice-by-slice manual segmentation using a digital high-definition screen. Software that converts medical images into numerical models was used to construct virtual 3D models, which were physically realized using additive manufacturing technologies.
Physical models based on 3DUS, MRI and CT images either separately or combined were successfully generated. They were remarkably similar to the postnatal appearance of the aborted fetus or newborn baby, especially in cases with pathology.
The use of 3DUS, MRI and CT may improve our understanding of fetal anatomical characteristics, and these technologies can be used for educational purposes and as a method for parents to visualize their unborn baby. The images can be segmented and applied separately or combined to construct 3D virtual and physical models.
利用三维超声（3DUS）、磁共振成像（MRI）和计算机断层扫描（CT）获得的图像生成物理胎儿模型，以指导增材制造技术。
使用了 33 个胎儿的图像，包括三组双胞胎。15 个胎儿仅通过 3DUS 进行正常评估。18 个病例有异常，如联体双胞胎、肿瘤、非整倍体、骨骼异常、中枢神经系统异常以及面部或胸部缺陷。使用高分辨率 3DUS 进行扫描。在异常情况下，在同一天对 MRI 和 CT 进行扫描。使用 DICOM 格式将 3DUS、CT 或 MRI 获得的图像导出到工作站。一位观察者使用数字高清屏幕对图像进行逐片手动分割。用于将医学图像转换为数字模型的软件用于构建虚拟 3D 模型，然后使用增材制造技术将其物理实现。
成功生成了基于 3DUS、MRI 和 CT 图像的物理模型，这些模型无论是单独使用还是组合使用，都与流产胎儿或新生儿的产后外观非常相似，尤其是在有病理的情况下。
使用 3DUS、MRI 和 CT 可以帮助我们更好地了解胎儿的解剖特征，这些技术可用于教育目的，也可作为父母观察未出生婴儿的一种方法。可以对图像进行分割，单独或组合使用来构建 3D 虚拟和物理模型。
