Dahamna S, Harzallah D, Guemache A, Sekfali N
Laboratory of Phototherapy Applied on Chronic Diseases, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ferhat Abbas, DZ-19000 Sétif, Algeria.
Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2009;74(1):149-53.
Pyrethroids are the most frequently used pesticides in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, hospitals public health, homes and textile industry. Cypermethrin, a composite pyrethroid is moderately toxic to mammals. Exposure to the pyrethroids occurs by inhalation, dermal and oral routes both accidentally as well as from the environment. Cypermethrin and DDT have been detected in human breast milk from malaria endemic area in South Africa. The WHO has recommended that the level of permethrin in drinking water not exceed 20 micrograms per liter (microg/L). The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits, habits and whether other chemicals are present. Pyrethroids are often combined commercially with other chemicals called synergists, which enhance the insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and pyrethroids. The synergists prevent some enzymes from breaking down the pyrethrins and pyrethroids, thus increasing their toxicity. Because these compounds are broken down in the body quickly, there are several ways to measure the metabolites of these chemicals in human blood and urine. In this study the pyrethroid cypermethrin Sherpa 25% (active substance 250 g/l cypermethrin) was used, rabbits (1 kg weight), were gavaged by 1/20 LD50 for 3 weeks (one dose every week). Blood was collected before dosing and after 24, 72, 144 hours after the treatment. Enzyme activities were assayed in the plasma samples obtained. GOT, GPT, ALPH, CREA, GGT, Glucose and Total Pro were measured. Rabbits showed depression, decrease in feed intake, body weight and loose faeces. Livers exhibited fatty change, necrosis, lesions in kidney included tubular necrosis and pink homogeneous tubular casts. Serum ALT and creatinine concentrations increased while those of total proteins, albumin, serum cholesterol and triglycerides decreased.The results showed a decrease in RBC; WBC and Hb. This probably explained by the effect of cypermethrin on the erythropoiesis. An increase of plasma enzyme activities in GOT, GPT and CPK were recorded, explain a high energy-generating product. An increase, in the plasma enzyme activity in Alkaline phosphatase, related to their role in the cell permeability. The histopathological results showed lesions and morphological changes of hepato-cellular, fibrosis and appearance of inflammatory infiltrate, confirmed disturbances of the biochemical parameters. These changes were much underlines during the animal toxicity.
拟除虫菊酯是农业、林业、园艺、医院公共卫生、家庭和纺织工业中使用最频繁的杀虫剂。氯氰菊酯，一种复合拟除虫菊酯，对哺乳动物具有中等毒性。拟除虫菊酯可通过吸入、皮肤接触和口服途径进入人体，既可能是意外接触，也可能是通过环境接触。在南非疟疾流行地区的母乳中已检测到氯氰菊酯和滴滴涕。世界卫生组织建议饮用水中氯菊酯的含量不应超过每升20微克（μg/L）。接触任何有害物质的影响取决于剂量、接触时间、接触方式、个人特质、习惯以及是否存在其他化学物质。拟除虫菊酯在商业上通常与其他称为增效剂的化学物质混合使用，这些增效剂可增强除虫菊酯和拟除虫菊酯的杀虫活性。增效剂可阻止某些酶分解除虫菊酯和拟除虫菊酯，从而增加它们的毒性。由于这些化合物在体内分解迅速，因此有几种方法可用于测量人体血液和尿液中这些化学物质的代谢产物。在本研究中，使用了25%的氯氰菊酯（活性物质为每升250克氯氰菊酯），对体重1千克的兔子，按半数致死剂量的1/20进行灌胃，持续3周（每周一剂）。在给药前以及治疗后24、72、144小时采集血液。对获得的血浆样本进行酶活性测定。测量了谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALPH）、肌酐（CREA）、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）、葡萄糖和总蛋白。兔子出现抑郁、采食量减少、体重下降和粪便稀溏。肝脏出现脂肪变性、坏死，肾脏病变包括肾小管坏死和粉红色均匀的肾小管管型。血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和肌酐浓度升高，而总蛋白、白蛋白、血清胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度降低。结果显示红细胞（RBC）、白细胞（WBC）和血红蛋白（Hb）减少。这可能是由于氯氰菊酯对红细胞生成的影响所致。记录到谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和肌酸磷酸激酶（CPK）的血浆酶活性增加，这解释了高能量生成产物的情况。碱性磷酸酶血浆酶活性增加，与其在细胞通透性中的作用有关。组织病理学结果显示肝细胞出现病变和形态变化、纤维化以及炎性浸润的出现，证实了生化参数的紊乱。在动物毒性实验期间，这些变化更为明显。
