Water Resource Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
Water Sci Technol. 2010;61(5):1113-20. doi: 10.2166/wst.2010.029.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration (NF) and ozonation for indirect potable reuse in terms of pharmaceutical residuals. To simultaneously obtain a reasonable retentate volume for further treatment, the tests were performed at a high volume reduction factor (VRF) of 60. The feed to the pilot plant was the effluent from a BNR plant with a final process step of chemical precipitation and rapid sand filtration. Two tests were performed 1) nanofiltration of treated wastewater followed by ozonation and 2) ozonated treated wastewater as feed to NF. Of the 95 pharmaceuticals analysed, three were not removed to the quantification limit, oxazepam in the first test and glibenclamide and ketoprofen in the second. The water quality after the two processes was similar, with an overall removal of pharmaceutical residuals of 99%. There are two advantages of ozonated water as feed to NF-a higher specific flux of 35% and a potential removal of ozonation by-products. The retention of some pharmaceuticals by NF was lower than anticipated, the major removal occurring in the ozonation. A tighter NF or RO is required in order to achieve higher pharmaceutical retention for further treatment of the retentate.
本研究旨在评估纳滤（NF）和臭氧氧化在药物残留方面用于间接饮用水再利用的潜力。为了同时获得用于进一步处理的合理浓缩液体积，在高体积减少因子（VRF）为 60 的条件下进行了测试。中试工厂的进料是经过生物除磷脱氮（BNR）工艺处理的出水，最后经过化学沉淀和快速砂滤。进行了两项测试：1）处理后废水的纳滤，然后是臭氧氧化；2）臭氧氧化处理后的废水作为纳滤的进料。在所分析的 95 种药物中，有三种未被去除到定量限，第一个测试中是奥沙西泮，第二个测试中是格列本脲和酮洛芬。这两个工艺之后的水质相似，药物残留的总体去除率为 99%。臭氧氧化水作为纳滤进料有两个优势——比通量提高了 35%，以及臭氧氧化副产物的潜在去除。一些药物在纳滤中的保留率低于预期，主要去除发生在臭氧氧化过程中。为了进一步处理浓缩液以实现更高的药物保留率，需要更严格的纳滤或反渗透。
