School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
J Appl Microbiol. 2010 Aug;109(2):716-730. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04701.x. Epub 2010 Feb 11.
To study the prevalence and genotypes of waterborne pathogenic viruses in urban wastewaters in the tropical region.
Viruses in wastewaters collected at three water reclamation plants in Singapore were studied by molecular methods. Over a 6-month sampling period, adenoviruses, astroviruses and both norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) were detected in 100% of the sewage and secondary effluent. Enteroviruses and hepatitis A viruses (HAV) were found in 94 and 78% of sewage, and 89 and 28% of secondary effluent, respectively. By using quantitative real-time PCR, estimated concentrations of astrovirus in the sewage were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those for adenovirus, noroviruses GI and GII. Genotyping of environmental isolates revealed multiple genotypes of GI and GII noroviruses. Coxsackieviruses A, astrovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 41 were prevalent. Norovirus GII/4 and coxsackievirus A24 isolates in wastewaters were closely related to respective outbreak strains isolated previously in Singapore.
This study showed the widespread occurrence of all tested enteric virus groups in urban wastewaters. Genetic diversity of astroviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses in the tropical region was observed.
The high prevalence and great genetic diversity of human enteric viruses in urban wastewaters strongly supports the need of further comprehensive studies for evaluating the public health risk associated with viral pathogens in water environments.
研究热带地区城市废水中水源性病原体的流行情况和基因型。
采用分子生物学方法研究了新加坡三个水再生厂采集的废水中的病毒。在 6 个月的采样期间，100%的污水和二级出水均检测到了腺病毒、星状病毒以及诺如病毒基因 I 组（GI）和 II 组（GII）。肠道病毒和甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）分别在 94%和 78%的污水以及 89%和 28%的二级出水中被发现。通过使用定量实时 PCR，估计污水中星状病毒的浓度比腺病毒、诺如病毒 GI 和 GII 高 1-2 个数量级。对环境分离株的基因分型显示，GI 和 GII 诺如病毒有多种基因型。柯萨奇病毒 A、星状病毒 1 型和腺病毒 41 型较为常见。废水中的诺如病毒 GII/4 和柯萨奇病毒 A24 分离株与新加坡先前分离的相应暴发株密切相关。
本研究表明，所有检测到的肠道病毒群均广泛存在于城市废水中。观察到热带地区星状病毒、肠道病毒和诺如病毒的遗传多样性。
城市废水中人类肠道病毒的高流行率和巨大遗传多样性强烈支持进一步进行全面研究，以评估与水环境中病毒病原体相关的公共卫生风险。
