Department of Archaeology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010 Mar;141(3):358-72. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21152.
Excavation of the historic period cemetery in Cepin, Croatia revealed the presence of a large number of perimortem injuries distributed among males, females, and subadults. Archaeological and historical data suggest these individuals were victims of a raid carried out by Turkish akinji light cavalry in 1441. Comparisons with the frequencies of perimortem trauma in 12 other, temporally congruent skeletal series from the Balkans (n = 2,123 skeletons) support this assumption. The role of the akinji in the Ottoman army was twofold: to supply war captives, and to terrorize and disperse local populations before the advance of regular troops. This article tests the hypothesis that the purpose of the 1441 raid was the latter. To accomplish this, perimortem trauma in the series were analyzed by sex, age, location, and depth of the injury. A total of 82 perimortem injuries were recorded in 12 males, 7 females, and 3 subadults. The demographic profile of the victims suggests that young adults were specifically targeted in the attack. Significant sex differences are noted in the number, distribution, and pattern of perimortem trauma. Females exhibit significantly more perimortem injuries per individual, and per bone affected, than males. The morphology and pattern of perimortem trauma in females is suggestive of gratuitous violence. Cumulatively, analysis of the osteological data suggest that the objective of the 1441 akinji raid was to spread terror and panic in the Cepin area, either as revenge for recent military setbacks, or as part of a long-term strategy intended to depopulate the area around Osijek.
挖掘克罗地亚采宾的历史时期墓地时，发现了大量分布在男性、女性和未成年个体身上的濒死期创伤。考古和历史数据表明，这些人是 1441 年土耳其akinji 轻骑兵袭击的受害者。与来自巴尔干半岛的另外 12 个时间上一致的骨骼系列（n=2123 具骨骼）中濒死期创伤的频率进行比较，支持了这一假设。akinji 在奥斯曼军队中的作用是双重的：供应战争俘虏，并在正规部队前进之前恐吓和驱散当地居民。本文测试了 1441 年袭击的目的是后者的假设。为了实现这一目标，对该系列中的濒死期创伤按性别、年龄、位置和损伤深度进行了分析。在 12 名男性、7 名女性和 3 名未成年个体中记录了 82 例濒死期创伤。受害者的人口统计学特征表明，在袭击中，年轻人是特定的目标。在濒死期创伤的数量、分布和模式方面，存在显著的性别差异。女性个体的濒死期创伤数量、每块骨骼受影响的数量都显著多于男性，而且女性的濒死期创伤形态和模式表明这是无端的暴力行为。总的来说，骨骼数据的分析表明，1441 年 akinji 袭击的目的是在采宾地区传播恐惧和恐慌，这可能是对最近军事挫折的报复，也可能是旨在使奥西耶克周边地区人口减少的长期战略的一部分。
