UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVES. Informed by a life course perspective, this study investigates the effects of spousal loss and availability of adult children on elderly husbands' and wives' risk of nursing home entry. METHODS: Based on longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, we studied 2,116 couples who were community residents in 1998. We estimate proportional hazards models for husbands' and wives' duration to first nursing home admission during 8 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 438 (20.7%) husbands and 382 (18.1%) wives were institutionalized, and 362 (17.1%) husbands and 701 (33.1%) wives lost their spouse. Accounting for measured covariates, the risk of nursing home entry doubled for men following spousal death, but was unchanged for women. Results indicate that adult children reduced wives' risk of nursing home admission regardless of husbands' vital status, but buffered husbands' risk only after the death of their wives. We uncover suggestive evidence of parent-child gender concordance in children's buffering effect of widowed parents' risk of institutionalization. Discussion. Our findings are consistent with gender variations in spousal caregiving and in husbands' and wives' relative reliance on care from a partner and children. This study provides new evidence on the relationship between institutionalization and family structure among married elderly persons.