Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza South, Room 8006, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda 20892-7240, Maryland, USA.
Rev Environ Health. 2009 Oct-Dec;24(4):357-63. doi: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.4.357.
Nitrate levels in water supplies have been increasing in many areas of the world; therefore, additional studies of populations with well-characterized exposures are urgently needed to further our understanding of cancer risk associated with nitrate ingestion. Future studies should assess exposure for individuals (e.g., case-control, cohort studies) in a time frame relevant to disease development, and evaluate factors affecting nitrosation. Estimating N-nitroso compounds formation via nitrate ingestion requires information on dietary and drinking water sources of nitrate, inhibitors of nitrosation (e.g., vitamin C), nitrosation precursors (e.g., red meat, nitrosatable drugs), and medical conditions that may increase nitrosation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease). Studies should account for the potentially different effects of dietary and water sources of nitrate and should include the population using private wells for whom exposure levels are often higher than public supplies.
世界上许多地区的供水硝酸盐含量一直在增加；因此，迫切需要对具有明确暴露情况的人群进行更多的研究，以进一步了解硝酸盐摄入与癌症风险之间的关系。未来的研究应评估个体的暴露情况（例如病例对照、队列研究），并评估影响亚硝化作用的因素。通过硝酸盐摄入估计 N-亚硝基化合物的形成需要有关硝酸盐的饮食和饮用水来源、亚硝化抑制剂（例如维生素 C）、亚硝化前体（例如红肉、可亚硝化药物）以及可能增加亚硝化作用的医疗状况（例如炎症性肠病）的信息。研究应考虑饮食和水来源硝酸盐的潜在不同影响，并应包括使用私人水井的人群，其暴露水平通常高于公共供水。
