Block Richard A, Hancock Peter A, Zakay Dan
Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, 59717-3440, United States.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2010 Jul;134(3):330-43. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.006. Epub 2010 Apr 18.
A meta-analysis of 117 experiments evaluated the effects of cognitive load on duration judgments. Cognitive load refers to information-processing (attentional or working-memory) demands. Six types of cognitive load were analyzed to resolve ongoing controversies and to test current duration judgment theories. Duration judgments depend on whether or not participants are informed in advance that they are needed: prospective paradigm (informed) versus retrospective paradigm (not informed). With higher cognitive load, the prospective duration judgment ratio (subjective duration to objective duration) decreases but the retrospective ratio increases. Thus, the duration judgment ratio differs depending on the paradigm and the specific type of cognitive load. As assessed by the coefficient of variation, relative variability of prospective, but not retrospective, judgments increases with cognitive load. The prospective findings support models emphasizing attentional resources, especially executive control. The retrospective findings support models emphasizing memory changes. Alternative theories do not fit with the meta-analytic findings and are rejected.
一项对117项实验的荟萃分析评估了认知负荷对时长判断的影响。认知负荷指的是信息处理（注意力或工作记忆）需求。分析了六种类型的认知负荷，以解决当前存在的争议并检验当前的时长判断理论。时长判断取决于参与者是否提前被告知需要进行判断：前瞻性范式（被告知）与回顾性范式（未被告知）。随着认知负荷的增加，前瞻性时长判断比率（主观时长与客观时长之比）降低，但回顾性比率增加。因此，时长判断比率因范式和认知负荷的具体类型而异。通过变异系数评估，前瞻性判断（而非回顾性判断）的相对变异性随认知负荷增加。前瞻性研究结果支持强调注意力资源，尤其是执行控制的模型。回顾性研究结果支持强调记忆变化的模型。其他理论与荟萃分析结果不符，因此被否定。
