Nevers Meredith B, Whitman Richard L
US Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1100 N. Mineral Springs Rd., Porter, Indiana 46304, USA.
J Environ Monit. 2010 Mar;12(3):581-90. doi: 10.1039/b917590c. Epub 2010 Jan 6.
Beaches throughout the Great Lakes are monitored for fecal indicator bacteria (typically Escherichia coli) in order to protect the public from potential sewage contamination. Currently, there is no universal standard for sample collection and analysis or results interpretation. Monitoring policies are developed by individual beach management jurisdictions, and applications are highly variable across and within lakes, states, and provinces. Extensive research has demonstrated that sampling decisions for time, depth, number of replicates, frequency of sampling, and laboratory analysis all influence the results outcome, as well as calculations of the mean and interpretation of the results in policy decisions. Additional shortcomings to current monitoring approaches include appropriateness and reliability of currently used indicator bacteria and the overall goal of these monitoring programs. Current research is attempting to circumvent these complex issues by developing new tools and methods for beach monitoring. In this review, we highlight the variety of sampling routines used across the Great Lakes and the extensive body of research that challenges comparisons among beaches. We also assess the future of Great Lakes monitoring and the advantages and disadvantages of establishing standards that are evenly applied across all beaches.
为保护公众免受潜在污水污染，五大湖沿岸的海滩均对粪便指示菌（通常为大肠杆菌）进行监测。目前，在样本采集、分析及结果解读方面尚无通用标准。监测政策由各海滩管理辖区制定，其应用在不同湖泊、州和省份之间及内部差异很大。大量研究表明，采样时间、深度、重复次数、采样频率及实验室分析等采样决策均会影响结果，以及均值计算和政策决策中结果的解读。当前监测方法的其他缺点包括当前使用的指示菌的适用性和可靠性以及这些监测项目的总体目标。当前的研究正试图通过开发新的海滩监测工具和方法来规避这些复杂问题。在本综述中，我们强调了五大湖地区使用的各种采样程序以及大量质疑海滩间比较的研究。我们还评估了五大湖监测的未来以及在所有海滩统一应用标准的优缺点。
