Mechanical principle of enhancing cell-substrate adhesion via pre-tension in the cytoskeleton.

Motivated by our earlier study on the effect of pre-tension in gecko adhesion, here we investigate whether and how pre-tension in cytoskeleton influences cell adhesion by developing a stochastic-elasticity model of a stress fiber attached on a rigid substrate via molecular bonds. By comparing the variations in adhesion lifetime and observing the sequences of bond breaking with and without pre-tension in the stress fiber under the same applied force, we demonstrate that the effect of pre-tension is to shift the interfacial failure mode from cracklike propagation toward uniform bond failure within the contact region, thereby greatly increasing the adhesion lifetime. Since stress fibers are the primary load-bearing components of cells, as well as the basic functional units of cytoskeleton that facilitate cell adhesion, this study suggests a feasible mechanism by which cell adhesion could be actively controlled via cytoskeletal contractility and proposes that pre-tension may be a general principle in biological adhesion.