Lazarus R S
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkley 94720.
Am Psychol. 1991 Apr;46(4):352-67. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.46.4.352.
The role of cognition--and to some extent motivation--in emotion, the ways meaning is generated, unconscious appraising, and the implications of this way of thinking for life-span development are addressed. It is argued that appraisal is a necessary as well as sufficient cause of emotion and that knowledge is necessary but not sufficient. This position is examined in light of what is known about emotions in infants and young children, the effects of drugs on acute emotions and moods, and recent patterns of thought about the brain in emotions. The discussion of how meaning is generated is the core of the article. Automatic processing without awareness is contrasted with deliberate and conscious processing, and the concept of resonance between an animal's needs and what is encountered in the environment is examined. The idea that there is more than one way meaning is achieved strengthens and enriches the case for the role of appraisal in emotion and allows the consideration of what is meant by unconscious and preconscious appraisal and the examination of how they might work.
本文探讨了认知（以及在某种程度上动机）在情绪中的作用、意义产生的方式、无意识评估，以及这种思维方式对毕生发展的影响。有人认为，评估既是情绪产生的必要原因，也是充分原因，而知识是必要的，但不是充分的。根据对婴幼儿情绪的已知情况、药物对急性情绪和心境的影响，以及近期关于大脑在情绪中作用的思维模式，对这一观点进行了审视。关于意义如何产生的讨论是本文的核心。无意识的自动加工与刻意的、有意识的加工形成对比，并探讨了动物需求与环境中所遇事物之间的共鸣概念。意义实现的方式不止一种这一观点强化并丰富了评估在情绪中作用的论据，使得我们能够思考无意识和前意识评估的含义，并研究它们可能的运作方式。
