Erisman Jan Willem, Domburg Nelleke, de Vries Wim, Kros Hans, de Haan Bronno, Sanders Kaj
Energy Research Center of the Netherlands, ECN, P.O.Box 1, 1755 ZG, Petten, The Netherlands.
Sci China C Life Sci. 2005 Sep;48 Suppl 2:827-42. doi: 10.1007/BF03187122.
The Netherlands is "well known" for its nitrogen problems; it has one of the highest reactive nitrogen (Nr) emission densities in the world. It is a small country at the delta of several large European rivers. Ever since the industrial revolution, there has been a growing excess of nutrients and related emissions into the atmosphere (ammonia, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide) and into groundwater and surface water (nitrate), leading to a large range of cascading environmental impacts. Vehicular traffic, sewage and animal husbandry are the main sources of oxidized and reduced forms of Nr. This paper provides an overview of the origin and fate of nitrogen in the Netherlands, the various reported impacts of nitrogen, the Dutch and European policies to reduce nitrogen emissions and related impacts. In addition, ways are presented to go forward to potentially solve the problems in a European perspective. Solutions include the improvement of nitrogen efficiencies in different systems, technological options and education.
荷兰因其氮问题而“闻名”；它是世界上活性氮（Nr）排放密度最高的国家之一。它是一个位于欧洲几条大河三角洲的小国。自工业革命以来，营养物质过量以及相关排放物进入大气（氨、氮氧化物和一氧化二氮）、地下水和地表水（硝酸盐）的情况日益严重，导致了一系列连锁环境影响。车辆交通、污水和畜牧业是Nr氧化态和还原态的主要来源。本文概述了荷兰氮的来源和去向、氮的各种已报道影响、荷兰和欧洲减少氮排放及相关影响的政策。此外，还从欧洲视角提出了可能解决这些问题的前进方向。解决方案包括提高不同系统中的氮效率、技术选择和教育。
