Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PB 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
J Occup Med Toxicol. 2010 Jun 15;5:13. doi: 10.1186/1745-6673-5-13.
The use of alcohol and drugs may affect workplace safety and productivity. Little is known about the magnitude of this problem in Norway.
Employee recruitment methods with or without individual follow-up were compared. The employees filled in a questionnaire and provided a sample of oral fluid. Samples were analysed for alcohol, ethyl glucuronide (EtG; a biological marker of recent large alcohol intake), psychoactive medicinal drugs and illegal drugs.
Participation rates with and without individual follow-up were 96% and 68%, respectively. Alcohol was negative (</=0.1 mg/ml) in all samples, but 21.0% reported the intake of alcohol during the last 24 h. EtG was positive (>2.2 ng/ml) in 2.1% of the samples. In-efficiency or hangover at work during the past year was reported by 24.3%, while 6.2% had been absent from work due to the use of alcohol. The combination of self-report and analytical testing indicated that medicinal or illegal drugs had been used during the last 48 h by 5.1% and 1.7% of the participants, respectively; while only 4.2% and 0.4% admitted the use in the questionnaire.
Self-reported data suggest that hangover after drinking alcohol appears to be the largest substance abuse problem at Norwegian workplaces, resulting in absence and inefficiency at work. Analysis of oral fluid revealed that the use of illegal drugs was more common than drinking alcohol before working or at the workplace. The analysis of oral fluid may be a valuable tool in obtaining additional information on alcohol and drug use compared to using questionnaires alone.
饮酒和吸毒可能会影响工作场所的安全和生产力。但目前挪威对这一问题的严重程度知之甚少。
比较了有个人随访和无个人随访的员工招聘方法。员工填写了一份问卷并提供了一份口腔液样本。样本用于分析酒精、乙基葡萄糖醛酸苷（EtG；近期大量饮酒的生物标志物）、精神药物和非法药物。
有个人随访和无个人随访的参与率分别为 96%和 68%。所有样本的酒精含量均为阴性（<=0.1mg/ml），但 21.0%的人报告在过去 24 小时内饮酒。2.1%的样本中 EtG 呈阳性（>2.2ng/ml）。过去一年中，24.3%的人报告在工作时效率低下或宿醉，6.2%的人因饮酒而缺勤。结合自我报告和分析测试结果表明，过去 48 小时内，分别有 5.1%和 1.7%的参与者使用了药物或非法药物；而只有 4.2%和 0.4%的人在问卷中承认使用了药物或非法药物。
自我报告的数据表明，宿醉似乎是挪威工作场所最大的酒精滥用问题，导致缺勤和工作效率低下。口腔液分析显示，在工作前或工作时使用非法药物比饮酒更为常见。与单独使用问卷相比，分析口腔液可能是获取酒精和药物使用额外信息的有效工具。
