Gjerde Hallvard, Normann Per T, Pettersen Bjørg S, Assum Terje, Aldrin Magne, Johansen Unni, Kristoffersen Lena, Øiestad Elisabeth L, Christophersen Asbjørg S, Mørland Jørg
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
Accid Anal Prev. 2008 Sep;40(5):1765-72. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.015. Epub 2008 Jul 18.
The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol, psychoactive medicinal drugs and illegal drugs among drivers in Norwegian road traffic. Drivers of motor vehicles were selected from April 2005 to April 2006 in the south-eastern part of Norway, surrounding, but not including the capital, Oslo. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling procedure was used. In the first stage, random road sites and time intervals were selected, and in the second stage, drivers were stopped by random at those sites and time intervals. Altogether about 12,000 drivers were asked to provide a sample of oral fluid (saliva) and answer a few questions. Samples of oral fluid were obtained from 88% of the drivers, of whom 30% were females and 70% males. The prevalence of each drug was estimated by a weighted average using weights adjusted for under- or over-sampling compared to traffic statistics. Alcohol or drugs were found in oral fluid samples of 4.5% of the drivers; alcohol in 0.4%, psychoactive medicinal drugs in 3.4%, and illegal drugs in 1.0%. Illegal drugs were found more frequently in samples from younger drivers, while psychoactive medicinal drugs were more frequently found in samples from older drivers. Psychoactive medicinal drugs were more prevalent among females than males, among drivers stopped on working days rather than weekends, and among those who reported annual driving distances less than 16,000 km. The drugs found most frequently were zopiclone (1.4%), benzodiazepines (1.4%), codeine (0.8%), tetrahydrocannabinol (0.6%) and amphetamines (0.3%). Two or more drugs were found in 0.6% of the samples, corresponding to 15% of the drug-positive drivers.
该研究的目的是确定挪威道路交通中驾驶员酒精、精神活性药物和非法药物的使用流行情况。2005年4月至2006年4月期间，在挪威东南部（不包括首都奥斯陆）选取机动车驾驶员。采用分层两阶段整群抽样程序。第一阶段，随机选择道路地点和时间间隔，第二阶段，在这些地点和时间间隔随机拦下驾驶员。总共约12000名驾驶员被要求提供口腔液（唾液）样本并回答几个问题。88%的驾驶员提供了口腔液样本，其中30%为女性，70%为男性。每种药物的流行率通过加权平均数估计，权重根据与交通统计数据相比的抽样不足或过度情况进行调整。4.5%的驾驶员口腔液样本中检测出酒精或药物；酒精为0.4%，精神活性药物为3.4%，非法药物为1.0%。非法药物在年轻驾驶员的样本中更常见，而精神活性药物在年长驾驶员的样本中更常见。精神活性药物在女性中比男性更普遍，在工作日被拦下的驾驶员中比周末更普遍，在报告年驾驶里程少于16000公里的驾驶员中更普遍。最常检测到的药物是佐匹克隆（1.4%）、苯二氮䓬类药物（1.4%）、可待因（0.8%）、四氢大麻酚（0.6%）和苯丙胺（0.3%）。0.6%的样本中检测出两种或更多药物，占药物阳性驾驶员的15%。
