Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, 1208 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.
Environ Int. 2010 Oct;36(7):800-11. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.013. Epub 2010 Jun 16.
As a consequence of substantial, long-term usage, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have contaminated humans, wildlife, and abiotic matrices around the world. Although several reports have reviewed PBDE contamination in general, none have focused specifically on birds. Birds have long been recognized as invaluable monitoring species for organohalogen contamination. This review summarizes most available PBDE data in birds and emphasizes several specific aspects, i.e., inter-regional differences in PBDE contamination, the extent of BDE-209 contamination, differences in congener composition patterns between piscivorous and terrestrial-feeding birds, trophic biomagnification and temporal changes in PBDE contamination. A meta-analysis of PBDE congener profiles reveals distinctly different patterns between birds utilizing terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Terrestrial-feeding birds appear to exhibit heightened Deca-BDE contamination. Inter-regional comparisons reveal elevated PBDE burdens in North American aquatic birds compared to those from the rest of the world, likely related to greater Penta-BDE demand there. Examination of North American and Chinese terrestrial birds also exhibited some of the highest BDE-209 concentrations ever reported in wildlife, and suggested that urban environments in general and some commercial activities (e.g., electronic recycling) may increase exposure of wildlife and humans to Deca-BDE. Summaries of temporal trend studies suggest that varying usage histories and regulations have influenced PBDE contamination patterns at different regions. As a consequence of continued usage of Deca-BDE around the world, significant increases in BDE-209 burdens have been observed in both North American and European birds. Examination of both wild and laboratory-exposed birds also indicated potential degradation of BDE-209 to less brominated, but more bioavailable/toxic congeners. Therefore, it would be wise to reduce releases of Deca-BDE, the only PBDE formulation remaining in production, to the environment.
由于大量、长期的使用，多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）已经污染了世界各地的人类、野生动物和非生物基质。尽管有几项报告综述了 PBDE 的总体污染情况，但没有一项专门针对鸟类。鸟类长期以来一直被认为是监测有机卤化物污染的无价物种。本综述总结了鸟类中大多数可用的 PBDE 数据，并强调了几个具体方面，即 PBDE 污染的区域间差异、BDE-209 污染的程度、食鱼性和食陆性鸟类的同系物组成模式的差异、营养生物放大和 PBDE 污染的时间变化。对 PBDE 同系物图谱的荟萃分析揭示了利用陆地和水生食物网的鸟类之间明显不同的模式。食陆性鸟类似乎表现出更高的十溴二苯醚污染。区域间比较显示，北美的水鸟比世界其他地区的水鸟具有更高的 PBDE 负荷，这可能与北美的五溴二苯醚需求更高有关。对北美的陆地鸟类和中国的陆地鸟类的研究也显示出了一些野生动物中曾经报道过的最高的 BDE-209 浓度，这表明一般的城市环境和一些商业活动（如电子回收）可能会增加野生动物和人类接触十溴二苯醚的风险。时间趋势研究的总结表明，不同地区的 PBDE 污染模式受到使用历史和法规的不同影响。由于世界各地继续使用十溴二苯醚，北美的鸟类和欧洲的鸟类的 BDE-209 负荷都有显著增加。对野生和实验室暴露的鸟类的研究也表明，BDE-209 可能会降解为溴化程度较低、但更具生物利用度/毒性的同系物。因此，明智的做法是减少仍在生产中的十溴二苯醚向环境中的释放。
