Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010 Jul;99(1):62-77. doi: 10.1037/a0018086.
Across 6 studies, factors signaling potential vulnerability to harm produced a bias toward outgroup categorization--a tendency to categorize unfamiliar others as members of an outgroup rather than as members of one's ingroup. Studies 1 through 4 demonstrated that White participants were more likely to categorize targets as Black (as opposed to White) when those targets displayed cues heuristically associated with threat (masculinity, movement toward the perceiver, and facial expressions of anger). In Study 5, White participants who felt chronically vulnerable to interpersonal threats responded to a fear manipulation by categorizing threatening (angry) faces as Black rather than White. Study 6 extended these findings to a minimal group paradigm, in which participants who felt chronically vulnerable to interpersonal threats categorized threatening (masculine) targets as outgroup members. Together, findings indicate that ecologically relevant threat cues within both the target and the perceiver interact to bias the way people initially parse the social world into ingroup vs. outgroup. Findings support a threat-based framework for intergroup psychology.
在 6 项研究中，表明潜在易受伤害的因素会产生对外群体分类的偏见——一种将不熟悉的他人归类为外群体成员而不是内群体成员的倾向。研究 1 至 4 表明，当目标显示出与威胁（男性气质、向观察者移动和愤怒的面部表情）相关的启发式线索时，白人参与者更有可能将目标归类为黑人（而不是白人）。在研究 5 中，感到长期易受人际威胁的白人参与者通过将威胁（愤怒）的面孔归类为黑人而不是白人来应对恐惧操纵。研究 6 将这些发现扩展到最小群体范式中，在该范式中，感到长期易受人际威胁的参与者将威胁（男性化）目标归类为外群体成员。总之，这些发现表明，目标和观察者内部的生态相关威胁线索相互作用，从而影响人们最初将社会世界划分为内群体与外群体的方式。这些发现支持了一种基于威胁的群体间心理学框架。
