Prevention of traditional NSAID-induced small intestinal injury: recent preliminary studies using capsule endoscopy.

Capsule endoscopy and balloon endoscopy, advanced modalities that now allow for full investigation of the entire small intestine, have revealed that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause a variety of abnormalities in the small intestine. Traditional NSAIDs can induce small intestinal injuries in over 50% of patients. Several studies have shown that the preventive effect of proton pump inhibitors does not extend to the small intestine, suggesting that concomitant therapy may be required to prevent small intestinal side effects associated with traditional NSAIDs use. Recently, several randomized controlled trials used capsule endoscopy to evaluate the preventive effect of certain drugs on NSAID-induced small intestinal injuries. These studies show that misoprostol and rebamipide have a preventive effect for NSAID-induced small intestinal mucosal injuries. However, these studies included only a small series of healthy volunteers and tested short-term NSAID treatment. Therefore, further extensive studies are clearly required to ascertain the beneficial effect of these drugs.