Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Justizvollzugskrankenhaus Saatwinkler Damm 1a, D-13627 Berlin, Germany.
Int J Law Psychiatry. 2010 Sep-Oct;33(4):236-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.06.005. Epub 2010 Jul 29.
Mentally disordered prisoners in Germany are subject to special legal regulations, which can be traced back to the 1933 "Dangerous Habitual Offenders and their Detention and Rehabilitation Act". There are no special diversion programs in Germany but diversion does in fact happen via legal regulations that are based on the construct of legal responsibility. Diversion refers to the removal of offenders from the criminal justice system at any stage of the procedure and court proceedings. In recent years the number of occupied beds in forensic psychiatric hospitals has continued to rise. At the same time the number of people in prisons has slightly decreased while there has been a slight increase in the number of available beds in general psychiatry. Germany experienced public and media concern about the risk posed by conditionally released mentally ill offenders and other perceived inadequacies in the criminal justice system. Therefore the way in which prisoners or forensic patients are supervised after they have been discharged was reformed in 2007 in order to assure a more efficient control of their conduct after their release from custody by means of mandatory treatment and monitoring. Special outpatient clinics were to assist discharged patients in complying with the conditions of probation and parole. However organisational structures for these specialised outpatient institutions vary within Germany because of its federal administration. This results in regional differences in conditions of treatment and probably in differences in quality as well, but surveys about the effects, efficacy or effectiveness of forensic outpatient treatment in Germany are scarce.
德国的精神障碍囚犯受特殊法律规定的约束,这些规定可以追溯到 1933 年的“危险惯犯及其拘留和康复法案”。德国没有专门的转处方案,但通过基于法律责任概念的法律规定,确实会发生转处。转处是指在程序和法庭诉讼的任何阶段,将罪犯从刑事司法系统中转移出去。近年来,法医精神病院的占用床位数量持续上升。与此同时,监狱中的人数略有减少,而普通精神病学的可用床位略有增加。德国公众和媒体对有条件释放的精神病罪犯所构成的风险以及刑事司法系统中其他被认为的不足之处表示关注。因此,为了确保在被羁押释放后更有效地控制他们的行为,2007 年对囚犯或法医病人出院后的监督方式进行了改革,通过强制治疗和监测来实现。专门的门诊诊所将协助出院病人遵守缓刑和假释的条件。然而,由于德国的联邦制行政管理,这些专门的门诊机构的组织结构在德国各地有所不同。这导致了治疗条件的地区差异,可能也存在质量上的差异,但关于德国法医门诊治疗的效果、功效或效果的调查很少。