Man-Machine-Systems Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1992;2(3):165-78. doi: 10.1016/1050-6411(92)90014-A.
The coordinated control of shoulder and elbow muscles during goaldirected arm movements has been studied. Timing and amplitude of the electromyographic activity of 13 muscles and muscle parts have been analyzed. Triphasic alternating agonist-antagonist activity commonly associated with acceleration and deceleration of the limb has been found in eight shoulder muscles or muscle parts. Of these muscles, the pectoralis major (pars clavicularis), the deltoideus (pars anterior and posterior), and the latissimus dorsi act on the humerus and can be regarded as prime movers of the upper arm. The serratus anterior and the trapezius (pars descendens, transversalis, and ascendens) act on the scapula. In these scapular muscles, agonist activity similar to that in the prime movers has been found. This indicates an important role of scapular muscles during acceleration of the arm. Significant diferences in timing between synergist muscles have been demonstrated: Activity of the latissimus dorsi precedes the deltoideus pars posterior by up to 62 ms. Only minor differences in timing were observed between scapular muscles and prime movers. In biarticular (shoulder and elbow) muscles and in muscles acting only on the elbow, continued activity has been observed throughout the movement. This activity yielded coactivation of functional antagonist muscles. The movement direction in which the largest activity occurred is consistent with the function of overcoming a resistance in the elbow resulting from the cocontraction found.
在有目标的手臂运动中，对肩部和肘部肌肉的协调性控制进行了研究。分析了 13 块肌肉和肌肉部分的肌电图活动的时间和幅度。在 8 块肩部肌肉或肌肉部分中发现了与肢体加速和减速通常相关的三相交替的原动肌-拮抗肌活动。这些肌肉中，胸大肌（锁骨部）、三角肌（前、后部）和背阔肌作用于肱骨，可视为上臂的原动肌。前锯肌和斜方肌（降部、横部和升部）作用于肩胛骨。在这些肩胛部肌肉中，发现了类似于原动肌的激动活性。这表明肩胛骨肌肉在手臂加速过程中起着重要作用。协同肌之间的时间差异很大：背阔肌的活动比三角肌后部提前了多达 62 毫秒。肩胛骨肌肉和原动肌之间只观察到微小的时间差异。在双关节（肩部和肘部）肌肉和仅作用于肘部的肌肉中，在整个运动过程中都观察到持续的活动。这种活动产生了功能性拮抗肌的共同激活。发生最大活动的运动方向与发现的协同收缩导致的肘部阻力克服的功能一致。
