Functional Anatomy Research Center (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche Città Studi, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
Forensic Sci Int. 2011 Jan 30;204(1-3):205.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.027. Epub 2010 Aug 21.
The objective of this study was to measure: (1) normal sex-related dimensions of external nose (linear distances, ratios, angles, volume and surface area); and (2) growth changes between childhood and old age. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the external nose were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized digitizer in 519 male and 340 female healthy subjects aged 4-73 years. The subjects were divided into 11 non-overlapping age groups: for children and preadolescent subjects, 2-year spans were used, while larger intervals were used for adolescent and adult subjects. From the landmarks, nasal volume and external surface area; nasal and alar base widths, nasal height, nasal bridge length, philtrum length, nasal tip protrusion, right and left nostril lengths, superior and inferior nostril widths; nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height, and nasal width-to-nasal height ratios; nasal convexity, alar slope, and nasal tip angles were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. On average, men had larger nasal external volume and area, linear distances and nasal width-to-height ratio than women (p<0.01); no sex differences were found for the angles and the nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height ratio. Age significantly influenced all analyzed measurements (p<0.001): nasal volume, area, linear distances increased from childhood to old age, while the nasal tip angle decreased as a function of age. No consistent age related patterns were found for the ratios and the nasal convexity and alar slope angles. Men and women had different age related patterns, with significant sex by age interactions (p<0.001). Overall, in most occasions male increments in nasal dimensions were larger than female ones. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human nasal morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identification) may also benefit from age and sex based data banks.
（1）外鼻的正常性别相关维度（线性距离、比例、角度、体积和表面积）；以及（2）儿童期到老年期的生长变化。通过非侵入性的计算机化数字化仪，在 519 名男性和 340 名女性健康受试者的外鼻上获得了几个软组织标志的三维坐标，这些受试者年龄在 4-73 岁之间。受试者被分为 11 个不重叠的年龄组：对于儿童和青春期前的受试者，使用 2 年的跨度，而对于青少年和成年受试者，则使用更大的间隔。从这些标志中，计算出了鼻体积和外部表面积；鼻翼基部宽度、鼻高、鼻桥长度、人中长度、鼻尖突出度、左右鼻孔长度、上下鼻孔宽度；鼻尖突出度与鼻高比，以及鼻宽与鼻高比；鼻凸度、鼻翼斜率和鼻尖角度，并按年龄和性别进行平均。通过方差分析的析因分析进行比较。平均而言，男性的外鼻体积和面积、线性距离以及鼻宽与鼻高比大于女性（p<0.01）；角度和鼻尖突出度与鼻高比则没有性别差异。年龄显著影响所有分析的测量值（p<0.001）：鼻体积、面积、线性距离从儿童期到老年期增加，而鼻尖角度随着年龄的增长而减小。对于比值和鼻凸度以及鼻翼斜率角度，没有发现一致的与年龄相关的模式。男性和女性的年龄相关模式不同，存在显著的性别与年龄的相互作用（p<0.001）。总的来说，在大多数情况下，男性鼻尺寸的增加大于女性。本研究中收集的数据可作为正常生长、发育和衰老过程中人类鼻形态定量描述的数据库。法医学应用（评估创伤、颅面改变、致畸引起的情况、面部重建、活人和死者的年龄、个人识别）也可能受益于基于年龄和性别的数据库。
