Cowcher K, Hanks G W
J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990 Oct;5(5):320-30. doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(90)90048-o.
Respiratory symptoms are a common cause of distress in patients with advanced cancer. Optimal palliative therapy requires careful assessment and the appropriate use of symptomatic measures in conjunction with specific antitumor treatments. The etiology and management of the three major respiratory symptoms, dyspnea, cough and hemoptysis, are described. The indications for antitumor treatments and surgical procedures are briefly outlined, and symptomatic treatments, including drug and nondrug measures, are discussed in detail.
呼吸道症状是晚期癌症患者痛苦的常见原因。最佳姑息治疗需要仔细评估，并结合特定的抗肿瘤治疗合理使用对症措施。本文描述了三种主要呼吸道症状（呼吸困难、咳嗽和咯血）的病因及处理方法。简要概述了抗肿瘤治疗和外科手术的适应证，并详细讨论了包括药物和非药物措施在内的对症治疗。
