Aquaculture and Fish Nutrition Research Group, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Marine Institute, University of Plymouth, UK.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2011 Jan;30(1):1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.08.009. Epub 2010 Aug 27.
The interactions between the endogenous gut microbiota and the fish host are integral in mediating the development, maintenance and effective functionality of the intestinal mucosa and gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). These microbial populations also provide a level of protection against pathogenic visitors to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and aid host digestive function via the production of exogenous digestive enzymes and vitamins. Manipulation of these endogenous populations may provide an alternative method to antibiotics to control disease and promote health management. Applications of probiotics for Mediterranean teleosts can stimulate immune responses, enhance growth performance, feed utilisation, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, gene expression, disease resistance, larval survival, gut morphology, modulate GI microbiota and mediate stress responses. Although considerably less information is available regarding prebiotic applications for Mediterranean teleosts, prebiotics also offer benefits with regards to improving immune status and fish production. Despite the promising potential benefits demonstrated in current literature, obtaining consistent and reliable results is often difficult due to our incomplete understanding of indigenous fish GI microbiota and their subsequent host interactions which mediate and drive both localised and systemic host immunological responses. Additionally, the probiotic and prebiotic (biotics) mechanisms which mediate host benefits at the mucosal interface are poorly understood. Future studies focused on these interactions utilising gnotobiotic techniques should provide a better understanding of how to extract the full potential of biotic applications to promote immune function of Mediterranean teleosts.
内源性肠道微生物群与鱼类宿主之间的相互作用对于调节肠道黏膜和肠道相关淋巴组织（GALTs）的发育、维持和有效功能至关重要。这些微生物群体还通过产生外源性消化酶和维生素，为胃肠道（GI）道的病原访客提供一定程度的保护，并有助于宿主的消化功能。对这些内源性群体的操纵可能为控制疾病和促进健康管理提供一种替代抗生素的方法。益生菌在地中海鱼类中的应用可以刺激免疫反应、增强生长性能、饲料利用率、消化酶活性、抗氧化酶活性、基因表达、抗病能力、幼虫存活率、肠道形态、调节 GI 微生物群和介导应激反应。尽管关于地中海鱼类的益生元应用的信息要少得多，但益生元在改善免疫状况和鱼类生产方面也具有益处。尽管当前文献中显示出了有希望的潜在益处，但由于我们对本地鱼类 GI 微生物群及其随后的宿主相互作用的理解不完整，这些相互作用介导和驱动局部和全身宿主免疫反应，因此获得一致和可靠的结果往往很困难。此外，在黏膜界面介导宿主益处的益生菌和益生元（生物）机制也知之甚少。未来专注于这些相互作用的使用无菌技术的研究应该可以更好地了解如何充分利用生物制剂的应用来促进地中海鱼类的免疫功能。
