Gómez Geovanny D, Balcázar José Luis
Mariculture Research Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008 Mar;52(2):145-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00343.x. Epub 2007 Dec 14.
Although fish immunology has progressed in the last few years, the contribution of the normal endogenous microbiota to the overall health status has been so far underestimated. In this context, the establishment of a normal or protective microbiota constitutes a key component to maintain good health, through competitive exclusion mechanisms, and has implications for the development and maturation of the immune system. The normal microbiota influences the innate immune system, which is of vital importance for the disease resistance of fish and is divided into physical barriers, humoral and cellular components. Innate humoral parameters include antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, complement components, transferrin, pentraxins, lectins, antiproteases and natural antibodies, whereas nonspecific cytotoxic cells and phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils) constitute innate cellular immune effectors. Cytokines are an integral component of the adaptive and innate immune response, particularly IL-1 beta, interferon, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta and several chemokines regulate innate immunity. This review covers the innate immune mechanisms of protection against pathogens, in relation with the installation and composition of the normal endogenous microbiota in fish and its role on health. Knowledge of such interaction may offer novel and useful means designing adequate therapeutic strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
尽管鱼类免疫学在过去几年中取得了进展，但正常内源性微生物群对整体健康状况的贡献迄今仍被低估。在这种情况下，通过竞争排斥机制建立正常或保护性微生物群是维持良好健康的关键组成部分，并且对免疫系统的发育和成熟具有影响。正常微生物群会影响先天免疫系统，这对鱼类的抗病能力至关重要，先天免疫系统分为物理屏障、体液和细胞成分。先天体液参数包括抗菌肽、溶菌酶、补体成分、转铁蛋白、五聚蛋白、凝集素、抗蛋白酶和天然抗体，而非特异性细胞毒性细胞和吞噬细胞（单核细胞/巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞）构成先天细胞免疫效应器。细胞因子是适应性和先天免疫反应的一个组成部分，特别是白细胞介素-1β、干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子-α、转化生长因子-β和几种趋化因子调节先天免疫。本综述涵盖了鱼类抵御病原体的先天免疫机制，以及正常内源性微生物群的建立和组成及其对健康的作用。了解这种相互作用可能为设计适当的疾病预防和治疗策略提供新的有用方法。
