Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 18008 Granada, Spain.
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:539-59. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134054.
Bacteria sense and respond to a wide range of physical and chemical signals. Central to sensing and responding to these signals are two-component systems, which have a sensor histidine kinase (SK) and a response regulator (RR) as basic components. Here we review the different molecular mechanisms by which these signals are integrated and modulate the phosphorylation state of SKs. Apart from the basic mechanism, which consists of signal recognition by the SK that leads to an alteration of its autokinase activity and subsequently a change in the RR phosphorylation state, a variety of alternative modes have evolved. The biochemical data available on SKs, particularly their molecular interactions with signals, nucleotides, and their cognate RRs, are also reviewed.
细菌能够感知和响应广泛的物理和化学信号。在感知和响应这些信号的过程中，两种成分系统起着核心作用，它们由传感器组氨酸激酶 (SK) 和响应调节器 (RR) 作为基本组成部分。在这里，我们回顾了这些信号被整合并调节 SK 磷酸化状态的不同分子机制。除了由 SK 对信号的识别导致其自身激酶活性改变，进而 RR 磷酸化状态改变的基本机制外，还进化出了多种替代模式。我们还回顾了现有的关于 SK 的生化数据，特别是它们与信号、核苷酸及其同源 RR 的分子相互作用。
