Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
J Appl Toxicol. 2011 Jan;31(1):89-93. doi: 10.1002/jat.1582. Epub 2010 Sep 11.
We used an updated hybrid approach to estimate the benchmark doses and their 95% lower confidence limits (BMDL) for cadmium-induced renal effects in humans. Participants were 828 inhabitants (410 men, 418 women), aged 40-59 years who lived in three areas without any known environmental cadmium pollution. We measured urinary cadmium (U-Cd) as a marker of exposure, and urinary protein, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as markers of renal effects. For urinary protein, the BMDL ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 µg g⁻¹ creatinine (cre) and approximately 1.6 µg per 24 h in men, and from 1.9 to 3.4 µg g⁻¹ cre and 2.0 µg per 24 h in women. For the renal tubular markers β2-MG and NAG, the BMDL for U-Cd ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 µg g⁻¹ cre and from 0.8 to 1.7 µg per 24 h in men, and from 0.6 to 2.3 µg g⁻¹ cre and from 0.6 to 2.1 µg per 24 h in women. The lowest BMDL for urinary cadmium (0.6 µg g⁻¹ cre) was somewhat lower than average urinary cadmium in Japanese older population. These results suggest the importance of measures to decrease cadmium exposure in the general population of Japan.
我们采用了一种更新的混合方法来估计人类镉诱导肾脏效应的基准剂量及其 95%置信下限 (BMDL)。参与者为 828 名居住在三个无已知环境镉污染地区的 40-59 岁居民（410 名男性，418 名女性）。我们测量了尿镉 (U-Cd) 作为暴露标志物，以及尿蛋白、β2-微球蛋白 (β2-MG) 和 N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG) 作为肾脏效应标志物。对于尿蛋白，男性的 BMDL 范围为 0.9 至 1.1 μg/g 肌酐 (cre)，约为 1.6 μg/24 h，女性的 BMDL 范围为 1.9 至 3.4 μg/g cre 和 2.0 μg/24 h。对于肾小管标志物 β2-MG 和 NAG，U-Cd 的 BMDL 范围为男性的 0.6 至 1.2 μg/g cre 和 0.8 至 1.7 μg/24 h，女性的 0.6 至 2.3 μg/g cre 和 0.6 至 2.1 μg/24 h。尿镉的最低 BMDL（0.6 μg/g cre）略低于日本老年人群的平均尿镉水平。这些结果表明，在日本普通人群中采取措施减少镉暴露的重要性。
